بررسی اولیه کنترل زیستی برخی از علف‌های‌هرز مهم مزارع گندم با استفاده از جدایه‌های فوزاریوم ریشه آن‌ها

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش آموخته دکتری علوم علف‌های هرز، دانشگاه تهران

2 استادگروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران

3 استادگروه گیاهپزشکی پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران

4 استاد پژوهشکده بیوتکنولوژی کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

چکیده

در این تحقیق، امکان بهره­گیری از جدایه­های قارچ فوزاریوم (Fusarium spp.)، در ارتباط با ریشه برخی علف‌های‌هرز مهم مزارع گندم به عنوان عامل کنترل زیستی آن‌ها مطالعه شد.  بذرهای جودره (Hordeum spontaneum)، یولاف وحشی
(Avena ludoviciana)، چاودار (Secale cereale)، خردل وحشی (Sinapis arvensis) و شلمی (Rapistrum rugosum) روی خاک­ نمونه­برداری شده از مزارع گندم استان­های آذربایجان شرقی، البرز، تهران، خراسان رضوی، خراسان شمالی، خوزستان، فارس، قزوین، قم، کرمانشاه، گلستان، مازندران و همدان در شرایط گلخانه کشت و جدایه­های فوزاریوم  ریشه این گیاهان، جداسازی شدند. در مرحله اول، زیست­سنجی روی گیاهچه گیاه حساس کاهو (Lactuca sativa) به عنوان گیاه محک و در مرحله بعدی روی گیاهچه­های
علف­های­هرز انجام شد. در زیست­سنجی، اثر بازدارندگی جدایه­ها بر رشد ریشه­چه (≥70 درصد) به عنوان معیار کنترل موثر در نظر گرفته شد. در نهایت، برای ارزیابی میزبان­گزینی اختصاصی، زیست­سنجی جدایه­ها روی گیاهچه گندم رقم سیوند انجام شد. جدایه­هایی که به میزان مناسبی باعث بازدارندگی رشد ریشه­چه علف­های­هرز شدند اما برای گندم ایمن بودند (کاهش رشد ریشه­چه ≤ 10 درصد)، با روش­های مورفولوژیک و مولکولی شناسایی شدند. نتایج نشان داد که یک جدایه از قارچ F. oxysporum در کنترل انتخابی خردل وحشی و شلمی، یک جدایه از قارچ F. brachygibbosum  در کنترل انتخابی جودره و یک جدایه از قارچ F. equiseti در کنترل انتخابی جودره و یولاف وحشی به طرز موفقیت آمیزی عمل کردند. آگاهی از میکروارگانیسم­های مناسب برای کنترل زیستی علف­های­هرز می­تواند در تنوع بخشیدن به روش­های موجود و حفظ ثبات کارایی علف­کش­های شیمیایی موجود یاری رسان باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Initial Investigation on Biological Control of Some Important Weed Species of Wheat Fields Using Rhizosphere Fusariums

نویسندگان [English]

  • Farshid Nooralvandi 1
  • Hassan Alizadeh 2
  • Hosein Saremi 3
  • Gholamreza Salehi Jozani 4
1 PhD student of Weed Science
2 . Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, University of Tehran
3 . Plant Protection Department, University of Tehran,
4 Agricultureal Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran
چکیده [English]

In this research, the biological potential of rhizosphere Fusarium (Fusarium spp.) species to control some important weeds of wheat fields was studied. In the greenhouse, wild barely (Hordeum spontaneum), wild oat (Avena ludoviciana), rye (Secale cereale) wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis), and turnipweed (Rapistrum rugosum) seeds were planted on the soils sampled from wheat fileds of East Azerbayejan, Alborz, Tehran, North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, Khouzestan, Fars, Qazvin, Qom, Mazandaran, Kermanshah, Hamedan and Golestan provinces. Fusarium species of plants root were isolated. Effect of Fusarium isolates on seedling radicle length was considered as the criteria for successful control (inhibition of radicle length≥ 70%) in the bioassay experiments. In the first step of bioassay experiments, lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seedling was used as a test plant and the next step was carried out on mentioned weed species. Finally, wheat seedling of Sivand cultivar was used to evaluate the host specifity of selected isolates from pervious stages. Isolates with efficient inhibitory effects on weeds with least inhibitory (seedling radicle reduction≥ 10%) effect on wheat, were determined as successful selective biological control agents and identified with morphological and molecular methods. Results showed that one isolation of F. oxysporum on wild mustard and turnipweed, one isolate of F. brachygibbosum on wild barely and one isolate of F. equiseti on wild barely and wild oat, controlled the species very effectively. Knowledge about microbial agenets for biological control of weed species could be helpful in diversifying current management methods and maintenance of efficacy of available chemical herbicides.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Fusarium
  • host specifity
  • root
  • test plant
  • wheat

مراجع

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دانش علف‌های هرز ایران
دوره 16، شماره 1
اردیبهشت 1399
صفحه 27-36

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