Iranian Society of Weed Science Iranian Journal of Weed Science 1735-3548 17 2 2021 09 23 Efficiency of post-emergence herbicides and stale seedbed integration in weed control in potato fields in Karaj region Efficiency of post-emergence herbicides and stale seedbed integration in weed control in potato fields in Karaj region 1 10 123492 10.22092/ijws.2020.127195.1344 FA Hossein HajiAbaee Research Assistant at Gonbad-e Kavus Agricultural Research Station, Gonbad-Kavous, Iran Hamid Rahimian Mashhadi Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University of Tehran, Iran Hassan Alizadeh Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University of Tehran, Iran Mostafa Oveisi Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University of Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2019 07 25 Due to the environmental hazards and the herbicide resistance, it is necessary to investigate the integration of herbicides with other non-chemical methods such as stale seedbed (SSB) in weed control of the potato fields. Therefore, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Research Farm of College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of University of Tehran in 2013 and 2014. The main plots were conventional seedbed preparation, SSB + paraquat, and SSB + glyphosate and the sub plots were four herbicides including rimsulfuron, metribuzin, pendimethalin, and rimsulfuron + nicosulfuron. The results of interaction effects showed the best weed control treatment was SSB + paraquat and application of metribuzin that reduced weed density (95.4%) and total dry weight (83.3%) and produced 31.8 T potato tuber ha1-. Therefore, this treatment was the most cost-effective weed control treatments in potato. Because in addition to better control of weeds than other treatments studied, it produced the higher yield. Due to the environmental hazards and the herbicide resistance, it is necessary to investigate the integration of herbicides with other non-chemical methods such as stale seedbed (SSB) in weed control of the potato fields. Therefore, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Research Farm of College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of University of Tehran in 2013 and 2014. The main plots were conventional seedbed preparation, SSB + paraquat, and SSB + glyphosate and the sub plots were four herbicides including rimsulfuron, metribuzin, pendimethalin, and rimsulfuron + nicosulfuron. The results of interaction effects showed the best weed control treatment was SSB + paraquat and application of metribuzin that reduced weed density (95.4%) and total dry weight (83.3%) and produced 31.8 T potato tuber ha1-. Therefore, this treatment was the most cost-effective weed control treatments in potato. Because in addition to better control of weeds than other treatments studied, it produced the higher yield.

https://ijws.areeo.ac.ir/article_123492_19de8b6bff9bd9203b5c00eec0530d25.pdf

Iranian Society of Weed Science Iranian Journal of Weed Science 1735-3548 17 2 2021 09 23 Investigationg the effect of organic and biofertilizers and Hydromax adjuvant on nicosulfuron herbicide persistence in soil using bioassay method Investigationg the effect of organic and biofertilizers and Hydromax adjuvant on nicosulfuron herbicide persistence in soil using bioassay method 11 26 124949 10.22092/ijws.2020.341768.1364 FA Ebrahim Mamnoie Plant Protection Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Shiraz.) Ebrahim Ezadi Darbandi , Faculty of Agriculture Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mehdi Rastgoo Faculty of Agriculture Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mohamad Ali Baghestani Iranian Plant Protection Research Institute Mohamad Hasanzade Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences- Iran Journal Article 2020 01 30 To study the effect of organic and biofertilizers and Hydromax adjuvant on nicosulfuron herbicide persistence in soil, a factorial arrangement experiment based on completely randomized block design with three replications was conducted in a corn field at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, using bioassay method during 2014-2015. Cow manure, vermicompost and mycorrhiza biological fertilizer applications with a control treatment, nicosulfuron dose (80 and 40 g a.i ha-1) and using of Hydromax adjuvant and without adjuvant were experimental treatments. To determine the nicosulfuron residue in the soil after herbicide application, soil sampling was done from 0-15 cm depth of soil at different periods of 0, 2, 5, 8, 16, 30, 60, 90 days after spraying and then transferred to the greenhouse and bioassay experiment was carried out by garden cress (Lepidium sativum) as bio-indicator plant. Results showed that by increasing the dose of nicosulfuron, its degradation rate decreased and nicosulfuron half-life increased. When Hydroxide was applied with nicosulfuron, nicosulfuron degradation rate decreased and its half-life increased. Application of nicosulfuron in reduced dose plus Hydroxide, nicosulfuron persistence decreased. When organic and biofertilizers applied to the soil nicosulfuron nicosulfuron Haff-life decreased.The highest nicosulfuron degradation rate (0.07 μg/kg/day) and the lowest nicosulfuron half-life (9.76 days) achieved when nicosulfuron applied in reduced dose (40 g a.i ha-1) plus Hydroxide and cow manure application conditions. ‌Overall results showed that organic and biofertilizers application with reduced dose of (40 g a.i ha-1) plus Hydroxide can reduce persistence of nicosulfuron in the soil. To study the effect of organic and biofertilizers and Hydromax adjuvant on nicosulfuron herbicide persistence in soil, a factorial arrangement experiment based on completely randomized block design with three replications was conducted in a corn field at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, using bioassay method during 2014-2015. Cow manure, vermicompost and mycorrhiza biological fertilizer applications with a control treatment, nicosulfuron dose (80 and 40 g a.i ha-1) and using of Hydromax adjuvant and without adjuvant were experimental treatments. To determine the nicosulfuron residue in the soil after herbicide application, soil sampling was done from 0-15 cm depth of soil at different periods of 0, 2, 5, 8, 16, 30, 60, 90 days after spraying and then transferred to the greenhouse and bioassay experiment was carried out by garden cress (Lepidium sativum) as bio-indicator plant. Results showed that by increasing the dose of nicosulfuron, its degradation rate decreased and nicosulfuron half-life increased. When Hydroxide was applied with nicosulfuron, nicosulfuron degradation rate decreased and its half-life increased. Application of nicosulfuron in reduced dose plus Hydroxide, nicosulfuron persistence decreased. When organic and biofertilizers applied to the soil nicosulfuron nicosulfuron Haff-life decreased.The highest nicosulfuron degradation rate (0.07 μg/kg/day) and the lowest nicosulfuron half-life (9.76 days) achieved when nicosulfuron applied in reduced dose (40 g a.i ha-1) plus Hydroxide and cow manure application conditions. ‌Overall results showed that organic and biofertilizers application with reduced dose of (40 g a.i ha-1) plus Hydroxide can reduce persistence of nicosulfuron in the soil.

https://ijws.areeo.ac.ir/article_124949_ce53e517ce774b3a7f1860a7e5f70992.pdf

Iranian Society of Weed Science Iranian Journal of Weed Science 1735-3548 17 2 2021 09 23 The efficacy of mesotrione+nicosulfuron (OD 10.5%) and bentazon+MCPA (SL 46%), two new herbicides, in comparison with some commonly used herbicides in the control of broad-leaved weeds of corn The efficacy of mesotrione+nicosulfuron (OD 10.5%) and bentazon+MCPA (SL 46%), two new herbicides, in comparison with some commonly used herbicides in the control of broad-leaved weeds of corn 27 44 124950 10.22092/ijws.2021.343429.1372 FA Hamidreza Sasanfar Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran Eskandar Zand Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran Mohammad Jamali Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Zarghan, Iran Peyman Sabeti Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Kermanshah, Iran Parviz Sharifiziveh Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Ardabil, Iran Eshagh Keshtkar Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Hosein Zamani Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2020 06 24 Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of mesotrione+nicosulfuron and bentazon+MCPA, two new herbicides, in the control of broad-leaved weeds of corn in Alborz, Fars and Kermanshah provinces in 2018. The treatments consisted of mesotrione+nicosulfuron at three doses of 0.7, 1 and 1.3 L ha-1, bentazon+MCPA + weeding grass species at three doses of 1.5, 2 and 2.5 L ha-1, mesotrione+s-metolachlor+terbuthylazine at 4.5 L ha-1, nicosulfuron at 2 L ha-1, bromoxynil+MCPA at 1.5 L ha-1 + weeding grass species, rimsulfuron+nicosulfuron at 175 g ha-1, nicosulfuron at 2 L ha-1 + bromoxynil+MCPA at 0.5 L ha-1 and hand weeding control. Density and dry weight of weeds were evaluated 45 days after spraying. The results showed that mesotrione+s-metolachlor+terbuthylazine, nicosulfuron + bromoxynil+MCPA and bromoxynil+MCPA were the most effective herbicides (efficacy>85%) in control of broad-leaved weeds in all the studied provinces. Also, nicosulfuron and rimsulfuron+nicosulfuron controled broad-leaved weeds most effectively (by roughly 90% reduction in weeds dry weight) in Fars and Alborz provinces. The efficacy of 2.5 L ha-1 bentazon+MCPA in Fars and Alborz provinces were over than 85%, while this treatment led to 70% to 85% weeds control in Kermanshah province. The efficacy of none of the applied rates of mesotrione+nicosulfuron did not lead to a satisfactory control of broad-leaved weeds compared to the commonly used herbicide treatments. Moreover, bromoxynil+MCPA, nicosulfuron + bromoxynil+MCPA and manual weeding in Kermanshah and nicosulfuron in Fars resulted in the highest increase in corn grain yield by approximately 122% and 211% compared to the untreated control, respectively. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of mesotrione+nicosulfuron and bentazon+MCPA, two new herbicides, in the control of broad-leaved weeds of corn in Alborz, Fars and Kermanshah provinces in 2018. The treatments consisted of mesotrione+nicosulfuron at three doses of 0.7, 1 and 1.3 L ha-1, bentazon+MCPA + weeding grass species at three doses of 1.5, 2 and 2.5 L ha-1, mesotrione+s-metolachlor+terbuthylazine at 4.5 L ha-1, nicosulfuron at 2 L ha-1, bromoxynil+MCPA at 1.5 L ha-1 + weeding grass species, rimsulfuron+nicosulfuron at 175 g ha-1, nicosulfuron at 2 L ha-1 + bromoxynil+MCPA at 0.5 L ha-1 and hand weeding control. Density and dry weight of weeds were evaluated 45 days after spraying. The results showed that mesotrione+s-metolachlor+terbuthylazine, nicosulfuron + bromoxynil+MCPA and bromoxynil+MCPA were the most effective herbicides (efficacy>85%) in control of broad-leaved weeds in all the studied provinces. Also, nicosulfuron and rimsulfuron+nicosulfuron controled broad-leaved weeds most effectively (by roughly 90% reduction in weeds dry weight) in Fars and Alborz provinces. The efficacy of 2.5 L ha-1 bentazon+MCPA in Fars and Alborz provinces were over than 85%, while this treatment led to 70% to 85% weeds control in Kermanshah province. The efficacy of none of the applied rates of mesotrione+nicosulfuron did not lead to a satisfactory control of broad-leaved weeds compared to the commonly used herbicide treatments. Moreover, bromoxynil+MCPA, nicosulfuron + bromoxynil+MCPA and manual weeding in Kermanshah and nicosulfuron in Fars resulted in the highest increase in corn grain yield by approximately 122% and 211% compared to the untreated control, respectively.

https://ijws.areeo.ac.ir/article_124950_92de80b8f96e3cc5b97db1d952a75db7.pdf

Iranian Society of Weed Science Iranian Journal of Weed Science 1735-3548 17 2 2021 09 23 Comparative analysis of proteome in herbicides susceptible and resistant winter wild oat (Avena ludoviciana Durieu) biotypes using iTRAQ technique Comparative analysis of proteome in herbicides susceptible and resistant winter wild oat (Avena ludoviciana Durieu) biotypes using iTRAQ technique 45 63 125251 10.22092/ijws.2021.353237.1385 FA Hossein Adim Department of plant Breeding and Biotechnology, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran; Plant Protection Research Department, North Khorasan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Bojnord, Iran. Leila Famideh Department of plant Breeding and Biotechnology, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran; Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Barat Ali Fakheri Department of plant Breeding and Biotechnology, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran Hamid Najafi Zarrini Department of plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Iran Hamidreza Sasanfar Department of Weed Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (IRIPP), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2021 01 16 Abstract Winter wild oat is one of the most problematic weeds in many crops, especially wheat; however, the widespread and continuous application of herbicides has led to its resistance to herbicides in different parts of the country. This study was conducted to compare the proteome between susceptible and resistant biotypes of wild oats to ACCase and ALS inhibitors using Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) and the iTRAQ techniques. The results of this study in terms of comparing the differential proteins identified 138 Proteins with Differential Expression (DEPs) in resistant biotypes and 93 DEPs in susceptible biotypes. Also, based on the results of Gene Ontology analysis (GO), proteins with differential expression under herbicide treatments in susceptible and resistant biotypes were classified in three main categories including molecular functions (MF), biological processes (BP) and cellular components (CC). Analysis of differential protein enrichment pathways using KEGG showed that the richest pathways included metabolic pathways, carbohydrate metabolism, and secondary metabolites. Among the proteins responsible for the defense response, superoxide dismutase (Q0DRV6) and among the proteins responsible for herbicide detoxification, cytochrome P450 (Q6YSB4) had up-regulation in resistant biotype. The major proteins involved in photosynthesis including petA, psaA, large RuBisCo subunit (rbcL), chlorophyll a and b and cytochrome b6 (petB) in the resistant biotype had down-regulated, while in the susceptible biotype, psaB, psaA, psbD, psbB and petB proteins had up-regulated. In addition, a salinity-related protein, such as Q6K4S7 protein, was up-regulated in resistant biotypes, and it appears that these proteins may play a role in herbicide resistance. Abstract Winter wild oat is one of the most problematic weeds in many crops, especially wheat; however, the widespread and continuous application of herbicides has led to its resistance to herbicides in different parts of the country. This study was conducted to compare the proteome between susceptible and resistant biotypes of wild oats to ACCase and ALS inhibitors using Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) and the iTRAQ techniques. The results of this study in terms of comparing the differential proteins identified 138 Proteins with Differential Expression (DEPs) in resistant biotypes and 93 DEPs in susceptible biotypes. Also, based on the results of Gene Ontology analysis (GO), proteins with differential expression under herbicide treatments in susceptible and resistant biotypes were classified in three main categories including molecular functions (MF), biological processes (BP) and cellular components (CC). Analysis of differential protein enrichment pathways using KEGG showed that the richest pathways included metabolic pathways, carbohydrate metabolism, and secondary metabolites. Among the proteins responsible for the defense response, superoxide dismutase (Q0DRV6) and among the proteins responsible for herbicide detoxification, cytochrome P450 (Q6YSB4) had up-regulation in resistant biotype. The major proteins involved in photosynthesis including petA, psaA, large RuBisCo subunit (rbcL), chlorophyll a and b and cytochrome b6 (petB) in the resistant biotype had down-regulated, while in the susceptible biotype, psaB, psaA, psbD, psbB and petB proteins had up-regulated. In addition, a salinity-related protein, such as Q6K4S7 protein, was up-regulated in resistant biotypes, and it appears that these proteins may play a role in herbicide resistance.

https://ijws.areeo.ac.ir/article_125251_8bb100db26498ba2bdb41c43a25102ff.pdf

Iranian Society of Weed Science Iranian Journal of Weed Science 1735-3548 17 2 2021 09 23 Classification of weed seeds using image processing and pattern recognition methods Classification of weed seeds using image processing and pattern recognition methods 65 77 125529 10.22092/ijws.2021.126929.1336 FA Alireza Bagheri Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran Zohreh Heydari Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran Journal Article 2019 07 09 In order to identify weed seeds by machine vision approach, two methods of artificial neural network (ANN) and canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) were applied. The seeds of Amaranthus retroflexus, Amaranthus blitoides, Chenopodium album, Alyssum hirsutum, and Sinapis arvensis were collected and the images of these seeds were recorded. The obtained images were processed and then characteristics related to the shape of each seed were extracted. The extracted data were in in the raw and standardized forms. In addition, main shape characteristics of the seeds were identified by stepwise regression. The results showed that the accuracy of the ANN constructed from the raw and the standard data were 84.30% and 83.39%, respectively. Identification accuracy of ANN was 84.30% and 83.39% for the raw and standard data extracted from stepwise regression. The results of CDA method showed that the identification accuracy of total raw and standard data were 84.9% and 84.7% respectively. Identification accuracy of this method was 82.6% for both raw and standard data extracted from stepwise regression. The highest identification accuracy in both methods (more than 95%) was belonged to A. retroflexus and A. hirsutum. In addition, the seed identification accuracy of C. album in both methods was higher than 87%. This suggests that the use of shape features in pattern recognition models had reliable potential in identifying the seeds of these weeds. In order to identify weed seeds by machine vision approach, two methods of artificial neural network (ANN) and canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) were applied. The seeds of Amaranthus retroflexus, Amaranthus blitoides, Chenopodium album, Alyssum hirsutum, and Sinapis arvensis were collected and the images of these seeds were recorded. The obtained images were processed and then characteristics related to the shape of each seed were extracted. The extracted data were in in the raw and standardized forms. In addition, main shape characteristics of the seeds were identified by stepwise regression. The results showed that the accuracy of the ANN constructed from the raw and the standard data were 84.30% and 83.39%, respectively. Identification accuracy of ANN was 84.30% and 83.39% for the raw and standard data extracted from stepwise regression. The results of CDA method showed that the identification accuracy of total raw and standard data were 84.9% and 84.7% respectively. Identification accuracy of this method was 82.6% for both raw and standard data extracted from stepwise regression. The highest identification accuracy in both methods (more than 95%) was belonged to A. retroflexus and A. hirsutum. In addition, the seed identification accuracy of C. album in both methods was higher than 87%. This suggests that the use of shape features in pattern recognition models had reliable potential in identifying the seeds of these weeds.

https://ijws.areeo.ac.ir/article_125529_b049ee0eefc1d43b906d2279e855ea71.pdf

Iranian Society of Weed Science Iranian Journal of Weed Science 1735-3548 17 2 2021 09 23 Resistance of the problematic grass weeds to some commonly used herbicides in canola (Brassica napus L.) fields in three provinces of Iran Resistance of the problematic grass weeds to some commonly used herbicides in canola (Brassica napus L.) fields in three provinces of Iran 79 98 125530 10.22092/ijws.2021.353147.1383 FA Hamidreza Sasanfar Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) Eskandar Zand Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) Mohammad Hosein Zamani Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares U niversity, Tehran, Iran Eshagh Keshtkar Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares U niversity, Tehran, Iran Ali Joumi Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares U niversity, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2021 01 06 This study was conducted to investigate the resistance of problematic grass weeds including winter wild oat (Avena ludoviciana), annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) and canary grass (Phalari minor) to commonly used herbicides in canola fields at Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection in 2019 in a completely randomized design with four repetitions. For this purpose, 29 accessions of wild oat, 15 accessions of ryegrass and 8 accessions of canary grass were collected from canola fields located in Fars, Mazandaran, and Ardabil provinces. After growing under controlled conditions, seedlings of the weed species were exposed to the recommended doses of haloxyfop-R-methyl, sethoxydim, cycloxydim and clethodim herbicides at 2-3 leaf stage. Fresh and dry weights and survival percentage of plants were measured four weeks after treatment. Based on fresh weight reduction, 86.7%, 66.7% and 60% of annual ryegrass accessions were resistant to haloxyfop-R-methyl, sethoxydim and cycloxydim, respectively. Also, 25% of canary grass accessions were resistant to haloxyfop-R-methyl, based on fresh weight loss, while 12.5% of accessions were classified as suspected resistant to sethoxydim. Based on fresh weight reduction, 31% of 29 wild oat accessions were resistant to halloxypop-R-methyl and only one accession was resistant to clethodim. The occurrence of definite resistance in other wild oat accessions to the three dim herbicides was not confirmed. Generally, resistance of narrow-leaved weeds to some commonly used graminicides in broadleaf crops such as canola has been developed; Therefore, it is recommended to restrict application of herbicides with the same mechanism of action, while following crop rotation. This study was conducted to investigate the resistance of problematic grass weeds including winter wild oat (Avena ludoviciana), annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) and canary grass (Phalari minor) to commonly used herbicides in canola fields at Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection in 2019 in a completely randomized design with four repetitions. For this purpose, 29 accessions of wild oat, 15 accessions of ryegrass and 8 accessions of canary grass were collected from canola fields located in Fars, Mazandaran, and Ardabil provinces. After growing under controlled conditions, seedlings of the weed species were exposed to the recommended doses of haloxyfop-R-methyl, sethoxydim, cycloxydim and clethodim herbicides at 2-3 leaf stage. Fresh and dry weights and survival percentage of plants were measured four weeks after treatment. Based on fresh weight reduction, 86.7%, 66.7% and 60% of annual ryegrass accessions were resistant to haloxyfop-R-methyl, sethoxydim and cycloxydim, respectively. Also, 25% of canary grass accessions were resistant to haloxyfop-R-methyl, based on fresh weight loss, while 12.5% of accessions were classified as suspected resistant to sethoxydim. Based on fresh weight reduction, 31% of 29 wild oat accessions were resistant to halloxypop-R-methyl and only one accession was resistant to clethodim. The occurrence of definite resistance in other wild oat accessions to the three dim herbicides was not confirmed. Generally, resistance of narrow-leaved weeds to some commonly used graminicides in broadleaf crops such as canola has been developed; Therefore, it is recommended to restrict application of herbicides with the same mechanism of action, while following crop rotation.

https://ijws.areeo.ac.ir/article_125530_bcb195e64840f5272f22fd9e812d2d27.pdf

Iranian Society of Weed Science Iranian Journal of Weed Science 1735-3548 17 2 2021 09 23 Roll of chemical and biological degradation in nicosulfuron herbicide persistence in the soil under controlled conditions Roll of chemical and biological degradation in nicosulfuron herbicide persistence in the soil under controlled conditions 99 110 125531 10.22092/ijws.2021.343587.1373 FA Ebrahim Mamnoie Plant Protection Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Darab, Iran. Ebrahim Izadi-Darbandi Department of Agrotechnology- Faculty of Agriculture -Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran Mehdi Rastgoo Faculty of Agriculture Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran Mohamad Ali Baghestani Iranian Plant Protection Research Institute, Iran. Mohamad Hasanzade Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran Horieh Nassirli Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran Journal Article 2020 07 13 Nicosulfuron belongs to the group of herbicides that has soil residue and its residue in the soil cause damage to sensitive crops in the crop rotation. To study the roll of chemical and biological degradation in nicosulfuron herbicide persistence in the soil under controlled conditions, an experiment was carried out in a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications during 2015-2016. The first factor was sterile and non-sterile conditions of soil and fertilizer; the second factor included the application of organic and bio-fertilizers at four levels of cow manure, vermicompost, mycorrhiza (2 % w/w) and control treatment without fertilizer and the third factor included incubating periods at eight levels (0, 4, 8, 16, 35, 50, 80, 100 days). The results showed that nicosulfuron degradation was chemical hydrolysis under sterile conditions and biodegradation and chemical hydrolysis under non sterile conditions. Nicosulfuron degradation rate was not significant different in control treatment (without organic fertilizers application) under sterile and non-sterile fertilizer and soil conditions, but increased with application of organic and bio-fertilizers. and Herbiced residue was deacresed with application of organic and bio-fertilizers. The lowest residue rate was obtained from the application of cow manure under non-sterile (0.01 mg/kg/ day) and sterile 0.03 mg/kg/ day) conditions. The highest and the lowest degradation rate were observed in the cow manure treatment under non-sterile conditions (0.044 mg/kg/ day) and control treatment under sterile conditions (0.018 mg/kg/ day). Also the lowest and the highest half-life was 15.33 and 38.5 day, obtained from the application of cow manure under non-sterile conditions respectively. According to the results, chemical hydrolysis and biodegradation had effective role in nicosulfuron degradation. Nicosulfuron belongs to the group of herbicides that has soil residue and its residue in the soil cause damage to sensitive crops in the crop rotation. To study the roll of chemical and biological degradation in nicosulfuron herbicide persistence in the soil under controlled conditions, an experiment was carried out in a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications during 2015-2016. The first factor was sterile and non-sterile conditions of soil and fertilizer; the second factor included the application of organic and bio-fertilizers at four levels of cow manure, vermicompost, mycorrhiza (2 % w/w) and control treatment without fertilizer and the third factor included incubating periods at eight levels (0, 4, 8, 16, 35, 50, 80, 100 days). The results showed that nicosulfuron degradation was chemical hydrolysis under sterile conditions and biodegradation and chemical hydrolysis under non sterile conditions. Nicosulfuron degradation rate was not significant different in control treatment (without organic fertilizers application) under sterile and non-sterile fertilizer and soil conditions, but increased with application of organic and bio-fertilizers. and Herbiced residue was deacresed with application of organic and bio-fertilizers. The lowest residue rate was obtained from the application of cow manure under non-sterile (0.01 mg/kg/ day) and sterile 0.03 mg/kg/ day) conditions. The highest and the lowest degradation rate were observed in the cow manure treatment under non-sterile conditions (0.044 mg/kg/ day) and control treatment under sterile conditions (0.018 mg/kg/ day). Also the lowest and the highest half-life was 15.33 and 38.5 day, obtained from the application of cow manure under non-sterile conditions respectively. According to the results, chemical hydrolysis and biodegradation had effective role in nicosulfuron degradation.

https://ijws.areeo.ac.ir/article_125531_3a1245a25c6a0c155efadcdd3b3c2d34.pdf

Iranian Society of Weed Science Iranian Journal of Weed Science 1735-3548 17 2 2021 09 23 Critical time of cutting after fruit development to prevent germination of Swallow wort (Cynanchum acutum) seeds Critical time of cutting after fruit development to prevent germination of Swallow wort (Cynanchum acutum) seeds 111 126 123493 10.22092/ijws.2020.127596.1347 FA Sasan Abdolahi Lorestani Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran Mostafa Oveisi Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran Hassan Alizadeh Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran Hamid Rahimain Mashhadi Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2019 09 15 Swallow-wort (Cynanchum acutum) has aggressively infested sugarcane fields in the recent years. Understanding seed germination behavior of this weed will save time to control. In this investigation, germination of seeds was studied at five fruit cutting time with two weeks intervals at 14 to 70 days after fruiting (DAF) at five temperature levels (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50°C) in Sugarcane research and Training Institute in 2017. The results showed that swallow-wort seeds were not able to germinate until the 14 DAF. From the 42 DAF, germination rate showed increasing trend and reached its highest value (19.70 seeds per day) at 56 DAF. At the same time, the highest germination of swallow-wort seeds was 97% at temperature of approximately 30°C. Fitting the segmented model to the germination rate data, the minimum, optimum and maximum germination temperature of mature seeds were 18.1, 32.6, and 57°C, respectively. Seeds from fruit at 28 and 42 DAF required higher temperature to germination that showed decreasing trend with increasing the days from formation to complete ripened fruit. Based on the results of this study, it is necessary to plan to use different control methods such as removal of the above ground organs as a management strategy and up to the second week after swallow-wort fruiting, to prevent seeds production with germination ability. Swallow-wort (Cynanchum acutum) has aggressively infested sugarcane fields in the recent years. Understanding seed germination behavior of this weed will save time to control. In this investigation, germination of seeds was studied at five fruit cutting time with two weeks intervals at 14 to 70 days after fruiting (DAF) at five temperature levels (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50°C) in Sugarcane research and Training Institute in 2017. The results showed that swallow-wort seeds were not able to germinate until the 14 DAF. From the 42 DAF, germination rate showed increasing trend and reached its highest value (19.70 seeds per day) at 56 DAF. At the same time, the highest germination of swallow-wort seeds was 97% at temperature of approximately 30°C. Fitting the segmented model to the germination rate data, the minimum, optimum and maximum germination temperature of mature seeds were 18.1, 32.6, and 57°C, respectively. Seeds from fruit at 28 and 42 DAF required higher temperature to germination that showed decreasing trend with increasing the days from formation to complete ripened fruit. Based on the results of this study, it is necessary to plan to use different control methods such as removal of the above ground organs as a management strategy and up to the second week after swallow-wort fruiting, to prevent seeds production with germination ability.

https://ijws.areeo.ac.ir/article_123493_25d71aa606ed67b03cd524404d7abf6b.pdf

Iranian Society of Weed Science Iranian Journal of Weed Science 1735-3548 17 2 2021 09 23 Effect on canopy structure based on growth characteristics of two red bean cultivars under sole and inter cropping conditions at different cultivation densities and weed management Effect on canopy structure based on growth characteristics of two red bean cultivars under sole and inter cropping conditions at different cultivation densities and weed management 127 147 125577 10.22092/ijws.2021.125560.1320 FA Mohsen Elahinejad Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University.of Tehran, Iran Hamid Rahimian Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University.of Tehran, Iran Mostafa Oveisi Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University.of Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2019 03 06 To evaluate the effects of plant density and reduced herbicide concentrations on the vertical distribution pattern of leaf area in red bean canopy profile in mixed bean cultivars, an experiment was conducted in a double-cropping plot design with 3 replications in the research farm of Tehran University in 2016. In this experiment, the reduced concentrations of herbicide at 5 levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of recommended concentration with hand weeding treatment) were the main plots, bean plant density at three levels (40, 50 and 60 plants). M / s) were sub plots and pure cultivation system of standing cultivar and 50%-50% mixed cultivation in row of standing and creeping cultivars were sub-plot. The results showed that herbicide concentration increase resulted in the bean biomasses increase in different layers and the highest bean biomass (228 g/m2) was observed in the intercropping system and 60 plants/m2 density f in the hand weeding treatment in 30-40 cm layer and the lowest (123 g/m2) was obtained in pure planting system and 40 plants/m2 density at 0% of herbicide concentration in 50-40 cm layer. The interactions of herbicide application and cultivation system and also herbicide application and planting density were significant on bean yield and with increasing the herbicide concentration and plant density, bean seed yield increased. Based on the results of weed biomass analysis, imazapapir alone was able to reduce weed biomass up to 65%, and this was increased up to 75% under mixed cropping system and increase in density conditions. This suggests that increasing crop competitiveness by increasing plant density and using a mixed crop system instead of a single-crop system, can reduce weed biomass through faster and greater crop formation. To evaluate the effects of plant density and reduced herbicide concentrations on the vertical distribution pattern of leaf area in red bean canopy profile in mixed bean cultivars, an experiment was conducted in a double-cropping plot design with 3 replications in the research farm of Tehran University in 2016. In this experiment, the reduced concentrations of herbicide at 5 levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of recommended concentration with hand weeding treatment) were the main plots, bean plant density at three levels (40, 50 and 60 plants). M / s) were sub plots and pure cultivation system of standing cultivar and 50%-50% mixed cultivation in row of standing and creeping cultivars were sub-plot. The results showed that herbicide concentration increase resulted in the bean biomasses increase in different layers and the highest bean biomass (228 g/m2) was observed in the intercropping system and 60 plants/m2 density f in the hand weeding treatment in 30-40 cm layer and the lowest (123 g/m2) was obtained in pure planting system and 40 plants/m2 density at 0% of herbicide concentration in 50-40 cm layer. The interactions of herbicide application and cultivation system and also herbicide application and planting density were significant on bean yield and with increasing the herbicide concentration and plant density, bean seed yield increased. Based on the results of weed biomass analysis, imazapapir alone was able to reduce weed biomass up to 65%, and this was increased up to 75% under mixed cropping system and increase in density conditions. This suggests that increasing crop competitiveness by increasing plant density and using a mixed crop system instead of a single-crop system, can reduce weed biomass through faster and greater crop formation.

https://ijws.areeo.ac.ir/article_125577_ec66261092ddcaec16ead23d4b5152ad.pdf

Iranian Society of Weed Science Iranian Journal of Weed Science 1735-3548 17 2 2021 09 23 Phytotoxic residue effects of triasulfuron+dicamba (Lintur 70 WG) on some rotational crops after wheat Phytotoxic residue effects of triasulfuron+dicamba (Lintur 70 WG) on some rotational crops after wheat 149 163 125556 10.22092/ijws.2021.351372.1375 FA Mohammad Hassan Hadizadeh Plant Protection Research Department, Agricultural and Natural Research Resource and Education Center of Khorasan-Razavi, AREEO, Mashhad, Iran Hossein Sabet Zangeneh Plant Protection Research Department, Agricultural and Natural Research Resource and Education Center of Khoozestan, AREEO, Ahwaz, Iran 0000-0003-1644-7950 Mohammad Fereidoonpour Plant Protection Research Department, Agricultural and Natural Research Resource and Education Center of Fars, AREEO, Iran Abdolaziz Haghighi Plant Protection Research Department, Agricultural and Natural Research Resource and Education Center of Golestan, AREEO, Gonbad-Kavous, Iran Farrokhdin Ghezeli Plant Protection Research Department, Agricultural and Natural Research Resource and Education Center of Fars, AREEO, Iran. Journal Article 2020 08 10 One of the negative effects of herbicide residuals is their phytotoxicity on subsequent susceptible crops in rotation. In order to study the phytotoxic residue effects of triasulfuron +dicamba (Lintur® WG70%) on 12 rotational crops, four experiments were carried out at field research stations of Khorasan razavi (Mashhad), Khuzestan (Ahwaz), Fars (Darab) and Golestan (Gonbad-Kavous) provinces in Iran. Rotational crops were planted in sprayed plots (with 170 g Lintur®) or in control plots (without spraying) immediately after wheat harvesting (as second crop) or in autumn. The rotational plants were selected from the summer crops including maize, cotton, mung bean, sesame and soybean, and fall crops including sugar beet, canola, clover, wheat, barley, faba bean and green pea. Results of t-student test showed the significant negative effect of triacsulfuron+dicambba residues on maize at Mashhad, Ahwaz and Darab in terms of root and shoot dry weight and yield (14.6 to 63% yield reduction). Damage to mung bean was significant in Ahwaz and Gonbad (5.6% -29% yield loss). Sesame yield in Ahwaz decreased 46% and soybean and green pea yields in Gonbad decreased by 12% and 16%, respectively. Rapeseed yield was damaged only in Ahwaz (31%) but in Mashhad, Darab and Gonbad the herbicide damage was not significant. Autumn planted sugar beet was significantly damaged in Ahwaz (46% yield) and in Gonbad (5%). The interval between herbicide application and emergence of summer crops was 90-146 days and for autumn crops was 222-311 days, depending on the rotational plants and experimental regions. Herbicide residue of triasulfuron + dicamba did not have significant damage on cotton, clover, wheat, barley and faba beans in related experiments. One of the negative effects of herbicide residuals is their phytotoxicity on subsequent susceptible crops in rotation. In order to study the phytotoxic residue effects of triasulfuron +dicamba (Lintur® WG70%) on 12 rotational crops, four experiments were carried out at field research stations of Khorasan razavi (Mashhad), Khuzestan (Ahwaz), Fars (Darab) and Golestan (Gonbad-Kavous) provinces in Iran. Rotational crops were planted in sprayed plots (with 170 g Lintur®) or in control plots (without spraying) immediately after wheat harvesting (as second crop) or in autumn. The rotational plants were selected from the summer crops including maize, cotton, mung bean, sesame and soybean, and fall crops including sugar beet, canola, clover, wheat, barley, faba bean and green pea. Results of t-student test showed the significant negative effect of triacsulfuron+dicambba residues on maize at Mashhad, Ahwaz and Darab in terms of root and shoot dry weight and yield (14.6 to 63% yield reduction). Damage to mung bean was significant in Ahwaz and Gonbad (5.6% -29% yield loss). Sesame yield in Ahwaz decreased 46% and soybean and green pea yields in Gonbad decreased by 12% and 16%, respectively. Rapeseed yield was damaged only in Ahwaz (31%) but in Mashhad, Darab and Gonbad the herbicide damage was not significant. Autumn planted sugar beet was significantly damaged in Ahwaz (46% yield) and in Gonbad (5%). The interval between herbicide application and emergence of summer crops was 90-146 days and for autumn crops was 222-311 days, depending on the rotational plants and experimental regions. Herbicide residue of triasulfuron + dicamba did not have significant damage on cotton, clover, wheat, barley and faba beans in related experiments.

https://ijws.areeo.ac.ir/article_125556_c570653649c4c6df5b2744f4911e0756.pdf

Iranian Society of Weed Science Iranian Journal of Weed Science 1735-3548 17 2 2021 09 23 Weed control in transplanted henna (Lawsonia inermis) Weed control in transplanted henna (Lawsonia inermis) 165 174 125578 10.22092/ijws.2021.352709.1381 FA Ebrahim Mamnoie Assistant Professor of Plant Protection Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Shiraz, Iran Parviz Shimy Weed Research Dept., Crop Protection Institute, Iran Aَhmad Aَein Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, south of Kerman province, Iran. Arash Sabba Research Instructor of Soil and Water Department, Kerman Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Kerman, Iran. Journal Article 2020 11 25 To study the effect of herbicides on weed control in henna in south Kerman province, an experiment was carried out in randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with 3 replications in 2014-2015 and 2015-2016. Treatments included trifluralin (Treflan, 48% EC) at 2 and 2.5 Lha-1, per-transplant, pendimethalin (Stomp, 33% EC) at 3 and 4 Lha-1 pre weed emergence and after transplanting, imazethapyr (Pursuit, 10% SL) at 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8 Lha-1 + Cytogate at 1 Lha-1 at 2 to 4 leaf stage of broadleaf weeds + haloxyfop –R- methyl- ester (Gallant, Super 10.8% EC) at 750 ml ha-1 in the 3 leaf stage of narrow-leaf weeds, gramoxone (paraquat, 20% SL) at 3 Lha-1 and 10 -15 cm stage of weeds with protection cover over henna, hand weeding and weed free. Results of combined analysis in three-cutting henna showed that herbicide applications significantly reduced density and dry matter of amaranth (Amaranthus viridis), purslane (Portulaca oleracea) and Egyptian grass (Dactyloctenium aegypticum. The Best treatments for weeds control was the imazethapyr (0.8 ha-1), pendimethalin (4 Lha-1) and trifluralin (2.5 Lha-1) applications, respectively. Application of imazethapyr (0.8 ha-1) + haloxyfop decreased amaranth (69-76%), purslane (68-74%) and Egyptian grass (60-73%) biomass. Also, this treatment increased henna biomass in the first, second and third harvest by 90, 76 and 79 %, respectively. Therefore, this treatment is introduced as the superior treatment. To study the effect of herbicides on weed control in henna in south Kerman province, an experiment was carried out in randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with 3 replications in 2014-2015 and 2015-2016. Treatments included trifluralin (Treflan, 48% EC) at 2 and 2.5 Lha-1, per-transplant, pendimethalin (Stomp, 33% EC) at 3 and 4 Lha-1 pre weed emergence and after transplanting, imazethapyr (Pursuit, 10% SL) at 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8 Lha-1 + Cytogate at 1 Lha-1 at 2 to 4 leaf stage of broadleaf weeds + haloxyfop –R- methyl- ester (Gallant, Super 10.8% EC) at 750 ml ha-1 in the 3 leaf stage of narrow-leaf weeds, gramoxone (paraquat, 20% SL) at 3 Lha-1 and 10 -15 cm stage of weeds with protection cover over henna, hand weeding and weed free. Results of combined analysis in three-cutting henna showed that herbicide applications significantly reduced density and dry matter of amaranth (Amaranthus viridis), purslane (Portulaca oleracea) and Egyptian grass (Dactyloctenium aegypticum. The Best treatments for weeds control was the imazethapyr (0.8 ha-1), pendimethalin (4 Lha-1) and trifluralin (2.5 Lha-1) applications, respectively. Application of imazethapyr (0.8 ha-1) + haloxyfop decreased amaranth (69-76%), purslane (68-74%) and Egyptian grass (60-73%) biomass. Also, this treatment increased henna biomass in the first, second and third harvest by 90, 76 and 79 %, respectively. Therefore, this treatment is introduced as the superior treatment.

https://ijws.areeo.ac.ir/article_125578_a23a9962120a56c0ecca599a6a82e2db.pdf

Iranian Society of Weed Science Iranian Journal of Weed Science 1735-3548 17 2 2021 09 23 Effects of some adjuvants on 2,4-D+MCPA, bromoxynil octanoate + MCPA + ethylhexyl ester, tribenuron methyl, bentazone + dichlorprop efficacy in dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) control in bermuda grass lawn (Cynodon dactylon) Effects of some adjuvants on 2,4-D+MCPA, bromoxynil octanoate + MCPA + ethylhexyl ester, tribenuron methyl, bentazone + dichlorprop efficacy in dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) control in bermuda grass lawn (Cynodon dactylon) 175 185 125461 10.22092/ijws.2021.355196.1395 FA Mohsen Dehgani Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University,, Tehran, Iran Ali Mokhtassi-Bidgoli Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University,, Tehran, Iran Saeed Reza Yaghoobi Department of Agricultural Science, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2021 07 11 A split-factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in a landscape of Qom in 2018. The main factor was the time of herbicide application in spring and summer and sub-factors were factorial combination of 1052.5 g ai.ha-1 2,4-D+MCPA (U46 Combi Fluid, SL 67.5%), 600 g ai.ha-1 Bromoxynil octanoate + MCPA + ethylhexyl ester, 15 g ai.ha-1 tribenuron methyl, and 1132 g ai.ha-1 bentazone + dichlorprop and 0.3% of dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt and oleic acid ethoxylate adjuvants and ammonium sulfate (VI) and the control treatment. Results showed that although some treatments caused an effective loss in dandelion dry weight, they also caused severe damage to the lawn. Mixing oleic acid ethoxylate or sodium sulfosuccinate with ammonium sulfate with bentazone + dichloroprop in the spring resulted in the reduction of the dry matter of dandelion from 337 in the control treatment to 81.6 and 100 g.m-2, respectively. Also, mixing oleic acid ethoxylate and ammonium sulfate with tribenuron methyl in summer reduced dandelion dry matter from 298 in the control treatment to 113 g.m-2, which had the least damage to the grass compared to other treatments. A split-factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in a landscape of Qom in 2018. The main factor was the time of herbicide application in spring and summer and sub-factors were factorial combination of 1052.5 g ai.ha-1 2,4-D+MCPA (U46 Combi Fluid, SL 67.5%), 600 g ai.ha-1 Bromoxynil octanoate + MCPA + ethylhexyl ester, 15 g ai.ha-1 tribenuron methyl, and 1132 g ai.ha-1 bentazone + dichlorprop and 0.3% of dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt and oleic acid ethoxylate adjuvants and ammonium sulfate (VI) and the control treatment. Results showed that although some treatments caused an effective loss in dandelion dry weight, they also caused severe damage to the lawn. Mixing oleic acid ethoxylate or sodium sulfosuccinate with ammonium sulfate with bentazone + dichloroprop in the spring resulted in the reduction of the dry matter of dandelion from 337 in the control treatment to 81.6 and 100 g.m-2, respectively. Also, mixing oleic acid ethoxylate and ammonium sulfate with tribenuron methyl in summer reduced dandelion dry matter from 298 in the control treatment to 113 g.m-2, which had the least damage to the grass compared to other treatments.

https://ijws.areeo.ac.ir/article_125461_4a8b3b248c4ab4709229ebfca6360f6b.pdf