انجمن علوم علفهای هرز ایراندانش علفهای هرز ایران1735-354821220251222Modeling Drought effect on Seed Dormancy and Germination in Winter Wild Oat (Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana)Modeling Drought effect on Seed Dormancy and Germination in Winter Wild Oat (Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana)11213586210.22034/ijws.2026.371458.1514FAHajarShafieeدانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهرانMostafaOveisiHassanAlizadehJournal Article20251122Understanding and predicting the emergence of winter wild oat (Avena ludoviciana) under changing climate conditions is vital for effective management, yet the combined effects of burial duration and soil moisture on its environmentally driven seed dormancy and germination remain poorly quantified in arid and semi-arid regions. This study examined the effects of soil moisture during seed burial on dormancy release and germination dynamics of A. ludoviciana.<br />Method: A factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted over two consecutive cropping seasons (2021–2023). Treatments included seed type (intact with hull vs. dehulled), burial duration (1-5 months), and five soil water potentials (0 to −0.8 MPa). Seeds were incubated under controlled temperatures reflecting historical soil conditions, and germination was evaluated at six incubation temperatures (5–30°C). Fractional cumulative germination was modeled using a modified Triangle Area Model (TAM) that incorporates the combined effects of burial duration, soil temperature, and moisture. <br />The results showed that burial duration had the greatest influence on germination, followed by soil water potential and temperature. Dehulled seeds germinated more rapidly than intact seeds, indicating the regulatory role of the hull. Maximum germination (~85%) occurred at −0.3 MPa and 15°C, whereas severe drought ((−0.8 MPa) reduced germination, suggesting a mechanism for dormancy maintenance under unfavorable conditions. The modified TAM accurately simulated germination dynamics across treatments, achieving an R² of 0.88 and an RMSE of 0.01. Prolonged burial under sufficient moisture progressively reduced dormancy, reflecting interactions between physical and physiological dormancy.Understanding and predicting the emergence of winter wild oat (<em>Avena ludoviciana </em>Durieu. Gillet & Magne) under changing climate conditions are vital for effective management, yet the combined effects of burial duration and soil moisture on its environmentally driven seed dormancy and germination remain poorly quantified, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. This study aimed to examine the effects of soil moisture during seed burial on dormancy release and germination dynamics of <em>A. ludoviciana</em>. A factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted over two consecutive cropping seasons (2021–2023). Treatments included seed type (intact with hull vs. dehulled), burial duration (1–5 months), and five soil water potentials (0 to −0.8 MPa). Seeds were incubated under controlled temperatures in an incubator reflecting historical soil conditions, and germination was evaluated at six incubation temperatures (5–30 °C) in germinator. Fractional cumulative germination was modeled using a modified Triangle Area Model (TAM) that incorporates the combined effects of burial duration, soil temperature, and moisture. The results showed that burial duration had the greatest influence on germination, followed by soil water potential and temperature. Dehulled seeds germinated more rapidly than intact seeds, indicating the regulatory role of the hull. Maximum germination (~85%) occurred at −0.3 MPa and 15°C, whereas severe drought (−0.8 MPa) reduced germination, suggesting a mechanism for dormancy maintenance under unfavorable conditions. The modified TAM accurately simulated germination dynamics across treatments, achieving an R² of 0.88 and an RMSE of 0.01. Prolonged burial under sufficient moisture progressively reduced dormancy, reflecting interactions between physical and physiological dormancy. The results suggest that summer drought periods, together with the absence of irrigation and the use of summer fallow, may delay the timing of germination in winter wild oat. Although weeds are continually adapting to environmental conditions, drought induced by climate change may promote the emergence of more drought-tolerant forms and lead to shifts in weed emergence flushes in crop fields.https://ijws.areeo.ac.ir/article_135862_2d512feb79ddc99e2777ce15b3fe2b04.pdfانجمن علوم علفهای هرز ایراندانش علفهای هرز ایران1735-354821220251222Herbicide resistance in weeds: current status in IranHerbicide resistance in weeds: current status in Iran133813586310.22034/ijws.2026.371318.1510FAJavidGherekhlooگروه زراعت، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران0000-0002-1773-898XEskandarZandموسسه تحقیقات گیاهپزشکی کشور، تهران، ایرانHassanAlizadehاستاد گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایرانMehdiRastgooگروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایرانEshaghKeshtkarگروه زراعت، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایرانٍElhamElahifardگروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایرانAshkanBahmani Fathabadiگروه زراعت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، فیروزآباد، ایرانHamidrezaSasanfarموسسه تحقیقات گیاهپزشکی کشور، تهران، ایرانBehrozKhalil Tahmasbiمرکزتحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی جنوب استان کرمان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، جیرفت،ایرانSaeidHassanpour-Bourkheiliگروه زراعت، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایرانJournal Article20251106Weeds are a major threat to sustainable production of agricultural products. Introduction of herbicide made the arduous operations of weed control remarkably less challenging. However, repeated application of herbicides with similar modes of action has resulted in herbicide resistance in weeds. Thus, weed control has become more difficult and meticulous plans should be devised to tackle this issue. In recent decades, crop production in Iran is also seriously affected by herbicide resistance. To confront this challenge, it is essential to be informed of the latest status of herbicide resistance in the country. Therefore, the present paper will review the brief status of herbicide resistance across the world, history of herbicide resistance in Iran, mechanisms of resistance observed in the country, drivers of resistance evolution in Iran, fitness cost studies carried out in the country, management strategies to overcome herbicide resistance, key challenges and research gaps in Iran, and future directions.Weeds are a major threat to sustainable production of agricultural products. Introduction of herbicide made the arduous operations of weed control remarkably less challenging. However, repeated application of herbicides with similar modes of action has resulted in herbicide resistance in weeds. Thus, weed control has become more difficult and meticulous plans should be devised to tackle this issue. In recent decades, crop production in Iran is also seriously affected by herbicide resistance. To confront this challenge, it is essential to be informed of the latest status of herbicide resistance in the country. Therefore, the present paper will review the brief status of herbicide resistance across the world, history of herbicide resistance in Iran, mechanisms of resistance observed in the country, drivers of resistance evolution in Iran, fitness cost studies carried out in the country, management strategies to overcome herbicide resistance, key challenges and research gaps in Iran, and future directions.https://ijws.areeo.ac.ir/article_135863_de1ffb2373f0f7f2aa277b6d961013b3.pdfانجمن علوم علفهای هرز ایراندانش علفهای هرز ایران1735-354821220251222Climate Change–Driven Shifts in Weed and Invasive Alien Plant Distributions in Iran: A Species Distribution Modelling ApproachClimate Change–Driven Shifts in Weed and Invasive Alien Plant Distributions in Iran: A Species Distribution Modelling Approach396113586410.22034/ijws.2026.371350.1511FAMostafaOveisiدانشیار گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج،ایرانZahraHazratiدانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد زراعت و اصلاح نباتات دانشگاه گیلانMinaHejaziNo. 311, Keshavarzi Ave.,KiavashArvinNo. 311, Keshavarzi Ave.,HeinzMueller SchaererNo. 311, Keshavarzi Ave.,Journal Article20251109تغییرات اقلیمی در حال تغییر تناسب زیستمحیطی گونههای گیاهی هستند، اما واکنش گونهها بسته به ویژگیها و جایگاههای بومشناختی متفاوت است. در این پژوهش، با استفاده از مدلسازی تناسب اقلیمی، پراکنش کنونی و آیندهی ۳۸ گونه، شامل 1) گونه های علف هرز، 2) گیاه مهاجم بیگانه و 3) گونه های بیگانه دارای پتانسیل تهاجم در ایران بررسی و الگوهای مرتبط با ویژگیهای زیستی در تغییرات گستره شناسایی شد. دادههای حضور تأیید شده از پایگاههای جهانی (GBIF)، (CABI) و ملی (SID.ir) و (Magiran.com) گردآوری گردید. مدل (Random Forest) با استفاده از ۱۹ متغیر زیستاقلیمی از مجموعه داده CHELSA v2.1 آموزش داده شد و عملکرد مدل با شاخصهای AUC، TSS و OOB ارزیابی شد. پیشبینیهای آینده (۲۰۴۱–۲۰۷۰) تحت سناریوهای RCP 4.5 و RCP 8.5 بر اساس میانگین پنج مدل گردش عمومی اقلیم تولید شد و تغییرات تناسب اقلیمی با مقایسه پراکنشهای آینده و کنونی برآورد گردید. براساس نقشههای پیش بینی، زیستگاه مناسب برای درختان و درختچههای چوبی مانند Labill. Acacia saligna،Mill. Swingle Ailanthus altissima، Sw. Raf. Neltuma juliflora وOpuntia ficus-indica L. در مناطق ساحلی شمالی و جنوب شرقی گسترش مییابند، در حالی که Dalbergia sissoo DC.Climate change is altering the environmental suitability of plant species, with responses varying based on traits and ecological niches. We used climate suitability modeling to assess the current and future distributions of 38 plant species, including weeds, invasive alien plants (IAP), and potential invasive alien plants (PIAP) across Iran, and to identify trait-based patterns of range shifts. Random Forest predicted climate suitability under current and future scenarios (2041–2070) for RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, averaged across five global climate models. Suitability changes were quantified by comparing future and current distributions. Projected shifts in climatic suitability reveal distinct responses among the studied species. Woody trees and shrubs like Acacia saligna Labill., Ailanthus altissima Mill Swingle, Neltuma juliflora Sw. Raf., and Opuntia ficus-indica L. are expanding in northern coastal and southeastern regions, while Dalbergia sissoo DC. is declining in the south. Aquatic and moisture-dependent taxa, such as Pontederia crassipes Mart. and Azolla filiculoides Lam., generally gain suitability under warming. Most cropland weeds and ruderal species, including Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson, Ambrosia psilostachya DC., and Sinapis arvensis L., show increased suitability, especially in northern Khorasan. Annual and perennial grasses predominantly expand, particularly Echinochloa crus-galli L. and Sorghum halepense L., while Bromus tectorum L. and Secale cereal L. decline locally. Climbing species show variable responses: Araujia sericifera Brot. contracts, Merremia dissecta Jacq. expands mainly under RCP 4.5, and Cynanchum acutum L. becomes more suitable.https://ijws.areeo.ac.ir/article_135864_27130bbc138725d72292550057d33bf1.pdfانجمن علوم علفهای هرز ایراندانش علفهای هرز ایران1735-354821220251222Dodder (Cuscuta campestris Yunck.) Distribution and Management in Sugar Beet Fields of Iran: A Comprehensive ReviewDodder (Cuscuta campestris Yunck.) Distribution and Management in Sugar Beet Fields of Iran: A Comprehensive Review697613586510.22034/ijws.2026.371094.1500FASepidehHatamiبخش تحقیقات گیاهپزشکی مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی آذربایجانغربی / سازمان تحقیقات ، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی ایرانHosseinNajafiIranian Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension(AREEO), Tehran/IranFaribaMaighanyIranian Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension(AREEO), Tehran/IranParvizShimiIranian Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension(AREEO), Tehran/IranJournal Article20251101چکیده: چغندرقند (Beta vulgaris L.) حدود 90 درصد نیاز شکر کشور را تأمین میکند. این گیاه رهبردی توسط انگل کامل ساقه، سس زراعی (Cuscuta campestris)، تهدید میشود. سس به یکی از عوامل محدودکننده اصلی در مناطق عمده کشت از جمله آذربایجان غربی، خراسان، کرمانشاه و فارس تبدیل شده است. آلودگی به سس با کاهش شدید عملکرد و کیفیت محصول، خسارت اقتصادی سنگینی به چغندرقندکاران وارد میکند. مطالعات در ایران، کاهش عملکرد ریشه از 15 الی 50 درصد و کاهش مطلق عیار قند از 06/1 تا 8/1 واحد را ثبت کردهاند که کارایی فرآوری صنعتی را به خطر میاندازد. از نظر فیزیولوژیکی، سس با تخلیه منابع متابولیسمی میزبان، باعث کاهش چشمگیر کلروفیل (تا 38 درصد) و زیستتوده کلی گیاه میشود.<br />این مقاله مروری، وضعیت فعلی مدیریت سس در ایران را در حوزههای زراعی، شیمیایی و بیولوژیکی، ارائه میدهد. ضمن بررسی کنترل شیمیایی سس، پروپیزامید بهعنوان مؤثرترین علفکش پیش از اتصال سس به چغندرقند معرفی شده که منجر به کنترل چشمگیر سس میشود. کنترل پایدار علفهایهرز، نیاز به یک چارچوب جامع مدیریت تلفیقی علفهایهرز (IWM) دارد. این رویکرد باید با تحقیقات بیشتری درباره راهبردهای نوین از قبیل استفاده از اصلاحکنندههای سیلیکونی خاک برای تقویت دفاع گیاه و توسعه عوامل کنترل بیولوژیکی بومی تکمیل شود. رفع خلاهای موجود در حوزه آستانه زیان اقتصادی و تأثیر تغییرات اقلیمی بر روابط بین میزبان و انگل، برای ارتقای بلندمدت صنعت چغندرقند در ایران، حیاتی است.Abstract: Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is a cornerstone of Iran's agricultural sector and national food security, supplying approximately 90% of the country's sugar needs. This strategic position is threatened by the obligate stem holoparasite, field dodder (Cuscuta campestris Yunck.), which has become a primary limiting factor in major cultivation zones, including West Azerbaijan, Khuzestan, Khorasan Razavi and Kermanshah. Dodder infestation inflicts severe economic damage by significantly reducing crop yield and quality. Iranian studies have documented root yield losses ranging from 15% to as high as 50% and absolute sucrose content reductions of 1.06 to 1.8 units, which compromises industrial processing efficiency. Physiologically, the parasite devastates the host by depleting metabolic resources, leading to major reductions in chlorophyll content (up to 38%) and overall biomass. This review synthesizes the current state of dodder management in Iran, covering cultural, chemical, and biological control methods. Foundational non-chemical strategies include the use of certified dodder-free seed, crop rotation with non-host cereals like wheat and corn, and sanitation of farm machinery. Chemical control remains a critical component, with research identifying Propyzamide as the most effective pre-attachment herbicide, achieving up to 100% control. However, an over-reliance on chemical solutions is unsustainable. This approach must be augmented by further research into novel strategies such as silicon soil amendments to boost plant defenses and the development of native biological control agents. Addressing knowledge gaps in economic thresholds and the impact of climate change on host-parasite dynamics is crucial for the long-term resilience of Iran's sugar beet industry.https://ijws.areeo.ac.ir/article_135865_cf8020e3e053838d7fa9f5d5b37ef585.pdfانجمن علوم علفهای هرز ایراندانش علفهای هرز ایران1735-354821220251222Weed Dynamics and Management under Climate Change in Iran: A Comprehensive ReviewWeed Dynamics and Management under Climate Change in Iran: A Comprehensive Review779713586610.22034/ijws.2026.371175.1503FAMehdiRastgooاستاد گروه اگروتکنولوژی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهدJournal Article20251025Climate change, as one of the main factors transforming Iran's agricultural systems, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, has caused fundamental changes in the dynamics and management of weeds. Increased temperature, decreased rainfall, frequent droughts, and increased carbon dioxide concentrations have caused the spread of thermophilic and drought-resistant weed species, changed their species composition, and increased their growth and competitiveness against crops. At the same time, traditional weed control methods have lost their effectiveness. Chemical control is facing a decrease in the effectiveness of herbicides under conditions of increased CO₂, the emergence of resistance in weeds, and environmental impacts. Mechanical control is also limited due to inconsistency in germination and changing soil conditions, and biological control is less effective due to the incompatibility of the life cycle of the control agent with the target weed and the reduction of host specialization. In the meantime, it is necessary to use a combination of climate-resistant varieties, diverse crop rotations, cover crops, precision agriculture technologies such as GIS, drones, and conservation agriculture. The success of this approach requires farmer training, long-term monitoring, and government support. Only with a comprehensive and technological approach can Iran's agricultural production be maintained in the face of climate change.تغییر اقلیم بهعنوان یکی از عوامل اصلی دگرگونکننده نظامهای زراعی ایران، بهویژه در مناطق خشک و نیمهخشک، موجب تغییرات اساسی در پویایی و مدیریت علفهای هرز شده است. افزایش دما، کاهش بارندگی، خشکسالیهای مکرر و بالا رفتن غلظت دیاکسیدکربن، باعث گسترش گونههای علفهرز گرمادوست و مقاوم به خشکی، تغییر ترکیب گونهای و افزایش رشد و رقابتپذیری آنها نسبت به محصولات زراعی شده است. همزمان، روشهای سنتی کنترل علفهای هرز کارایی خود را از دست دادهاند. کنترل شیمیایی با کاهش اثربخشی علفکشها در شرایط افزایش CO₂، بروز مقاومت در علفهای هرز و اثرات زیستمحیطی روبهرو است. کنترل مکانیکی نیز به علت ناهماهنگی در جوانهزنی و تغییر شرایط خاک با محدودیت مواجه شده و کنترل زیستی نیز بهدلیل عدم تطابق زمانی چرخه زندگی عامل کنترل با علف هرز هدف و کاهش تخصص میزبان، اثرگذاری کمتری دارد. در این میان، می بایست از ترکیب ارقام مقاوم به شرایط اقلیمی، تناوب زراعی متنوع، گیاهان پوششی، فناوریهای کشاورزی دقیق مانند GIS، پهپاد و کشاورزی حفاظتی بهره برد. موفقیت این رویکرد مستلزم آموزش کشاورزان، پایش بلندمدت و حمایت دولتی است. تنها با رویکردی جامع و فناورانه میتوان پایداری تولید کشاورزی ایران را در برابر تغییر اقلیم حفظ کرد.انجمن علوم علفهای هرز ایراندانش علفهای هرز ایران1735-354821220251222Sugarcane Weed Management in Iran: Evolution and Current StatusSugarcane Weed Management in Iran: Evolution and Current Status9812613586710.22034/ijws.2026.371377.1512FASasanAbdolahi Lorestaniموسسه تحقیقات و آموزش نیشکر، بخش علف های هرزAbbasEbrahimiبخش علف های هرز، موسسه تحقیقات و آموزش نیشکرSeyed RezaAhmadpourشرکت کشت و سلمان فارسیJournal Article20251111Sugarcane is a key industrial crop in Khuzestan province, Iran. However, sugarcane faces a major production constraint, a remarkably diverse weed flora encompassing over 140 species. This flora includes annual and perennial species which can cause yield losses of up to 80%. For decades, chemical control relying on a limited portfolio of Photosystem II inhibitors and synthetic auxins was the dominant strategy. This approach led to serious challenges, including the emergence of resistance in Echinochloa colona, a shift in weed flora favoring invasive species, increased control costs, and environmental concerns. In response to these challenges, the management paradigm has shifted towards an Integrated Weed Management system. This evolution involves introducing new herbicides with different sites of action (e.g., indaziflam, pendimethalin), optimizing application timing and methods (e.g., delayed pre-emergence), and significantly increasing the role of physical-mechanical control. Consequently, the average herbicide application rate has decreased from approximately 20 units (kg/l) per hectare in the past to less than 6 units in recent years. Nevertheless, effective management of perennial species still requires a deep understanding of their biology and ecology and the integration of chemical, mechanical, and cultural methods within species-specific management programs. The future outlook emphasizes strengthening this trend through training, developing precision application technologies, optimizing water and fertilizer management and implementing crop rotation to achieve a sustainable sugarcane production system. This journey from a chemically dependent system to a multifaceted IWM framework highlights the critical importance of adaptive, research-based strategies for the long-term sustainability of sugarcane agro-ecosystems in Iran.Sugarcane is a key industrial crop in Khuzestan province, Iran. However, sugarcane faces a major production constraint, a remarkably diverse weed flora encompassing over 140 species. This flora includes annual and perennial species which can cause yield losses of up to 80%. For decades, chemical control relying on a limited portfolio of Photosystem II inhibitors and synthetic auxins was the dominant strategy. This approach led to serious challenges, including the emergence of resistance in Echinochloa colona, a shift in weed flora favoring invasive species, increased control costs, and environmental concerns. In response to these challenges, the management paradigm has shifted towards an Integrated Weed Management system. This evolution involves introducing new herbicides with different sites of action (e.g., indaziflam, pendimethalin), optimizing application timing and methods (e.g., delayed pre-emergence), and significantly increasing the role of physical-mechanical control. Consequently, the average herbicide application rate has decreased from approximately 20 units (kg/l) per hectare in the past to less than 6 units in recent years. Nevertheless, effective management of perennial species still requires a deep understanding of their biology and ecology and the integration of chemical, mechanical, and cultural methods within species-specific management programs. The future outlook emphasizes strengthening this trend through training, developing precision application technologies, optimizing water and fertilizer management and implementing crop rotation to achieve a sustainable sugarcane production system. This journey from a chemically dependent system to a multifaceted IWM framework highlights the critical importance of adaptive, research-based strategies for the long-term sustainability of sugarcane agro-ecosystems in Iran.https://ijws.areeo.ac.ir/article_135867_4ea071606a782a1413000f164e646f79.pdf