Effect of Weeding Time on the Species Composition, Plant Density, Dry Weight and Physiological Traits of Weeds in Corn (Zea mays L.)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

In order to investigating the effect of weeding time on the species composition, plant density, dry weight and physiological characteristics of weeds in corn (Zea mays (L.) cv. SC 704), a field study was conducted at Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University in 2006. The experiment consisted of 14 treatments which laid out in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The treatments included weed free and weed infested period to 4th leaf (V4), 6th leaf (V6), 8th leaf (V8), 10th leaf (V10), 14th leaf (V14), tasseling (T) and harvest stages (Full season weed infestation and weed control were the checks). Results showed that weeds density increased when weeds were allowed to grow until corn V8 stage and decreased after this stage, however, weeds could affect on corn plants because of increasing their dry weight and competitive ability. Results showed that weeds density and dry weight significantly decreased with increasing of weed control period length. Generally, velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) with density around 50 percentage of total weed density during growing season has recognized as dominant weed and highest percentage of leaf index in weed infested period related to velvetleaf. Result indicated the peak competition period of weeds in corn crop was between V4 to V10 stages, thus if the weeds are controlled within this period, corn yield would be protected against a significant seed yield reduction.

Keywords


Barjasteh, A. R., Rahimian, H. 2006. The critical period of weed control in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.). j. Agric. Sci and Natur. Resour. Vol 12(5) jane –fabe 2006.(In Persian).
   Bensch, C. N., Horak, M. J. and Peterson, D. 2003. Interference of redroot pigweed      (Amaranthus retroflexus), Palmer amaranth (A. palmeri), and common waterhemp (A. rudis) in soybean. Weed Sci. 51: 37–43.
   Chaichi, M. R. and Ehteshami, S. M. R. 2001. The effect of weeding time on species composition, density and dry weight of weeds in soybean. Iran Agri. Sci. J. 32: 107-120. .(In Persian).
   Ehteshami, M. R. and Chaichi, M. R. 2001. Growth analysis of soybean in competition with weeds. J. Sci and Res of Daneshvar, No.31: 29-42. .(In Persian).
   Evans, S. P., Knezevic, S. Z. J., Lindquist, L., Shapiro C. A. and Blankenship, E. E. 2003. Nitrogen application influence the critical period for weed control in corn. Weed Sci. 51: 408-417.
   Farzaneh, M. 2002. Physiological Aspects of Pigweed and corn (Zea mays L.) competition. M.sc. Dissertation of Tehran University.(In Persian).
   Fellows, G. H. and Roeth, F. W. 1992. Shatter cane (Sorghum bicolor L.) interference in soybean (Glycine max L.). Weed Sci. 40: 68-73.
   Hall, M. R., Swanton, C. J. and Anderson, G. W. 1992. The critical period of weed control in grain corn (Zea mays).Weed Sci. 40:447_447.
   Harrison, S. K. 1990. Interference and Seed production by common lambs quarters (Chenopodium album L.) in soybean (Glycine max L.). Weed Sci. 38: 113-118.
   Harrison, S., Reginer, E. E., Schmoll, J. T. and Webb, J. E. 2001. Competition and fecundity of giant ragweed in corn. Weed Sci. 49: 224-229.
   Hartzler, R. G., Battles, B. A. and Nordby, D. 2004. Effect of common water hemp (Amaranthus rudis) emergence date on growth and fecundity in soybean. Weed Sci. 52:242–245.
   Hejazi, A., Namjoyan, Sh, and Rahimian Mashhadi, H. 2001. Critical weed period in silage corn (Zea mays L.). Agric. Sci and Technol. J. 15 (1).79-85. (In Persian).
   Karimi nezhad, R. 2003. The interference effect of natural population of weeds on yield, growth and development of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr). M.sc Dissertation of Tarbiat Modarres University.165 pp. (In Persian).
   Knezevic, S. Z., Evans, S. P., Blankenship, E. E. Van Acker, R. C. and Lindquist, J. L. 2002. Critical period for weed control: the concept and data analysis. Weed Sci. 50: 773 – 786.
   Kenzevic, S. Z. and Horak. M. J. 1998. Interference of emergence time and density on redroot pigweed (Amaranthos retroflexus). Weed Sci. 46: 665-672.
   Lindquist, J. L., Mortensen, D. A., Clay, S. A., Schmenk, R., Kells, J. J., Howatt, K. and Westea, P. 1996. Stability of corn (Zea mays) velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) interference relationships. Weed Sci. 44: 309-313.
   Massinga, R. A., Currie, R. S., Horak, M. J. and Boyer, J. 2001. Interference of Palmer amaranth in corn. Weed Sci. 46: 202-208.
   Mohammadi, G., Javanshir, A., Khooie, F. R., Mohammadi, S. A. and Zehtab Salmasi, S. 2005. Critical period of weed interference in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Weed Res. 45: 57-63.
   Rajcan, I. and Swanton, C. J. 2001. Understanding maize-weed competition: resource competition, light quality and the whole plant. Field Crops Res. 7: 139-150.
   Rashed Mohasel, M. H. and Mosavi, K. 2006. Principle of weed management. (Translated in Persian). Mashhad Ferdosi University Publication. 535 pages.
   Rodosevich, S. 1998. My view. Weed Sci. 46:149-156.
   SAS Institute. 1996. SAS/ STAT. Users, Guide. Version 6.12. SAS Institute. Cary, NC. U.S.A.
   Sadeghy, H., Baghestani, M. A., Akbari, GH. A. and Hejazi, A. 2003. Evaluation of soybean (Glycine max L.) and some weed species growth indices under competition condition. Pests and Plant Dieses J. 71: 87-106. .(In Persian).
   Silvertown, K. J. W. 1982. Introduction to Plant Population Ecology. Longman inc. 400pp.
  Strahan, R. E., Criffin, J. L., Reynolds, D. B. and Miller, D. K. 2000. Interference between Rottboellia cochinchinensis and Zea mays L. Weed Sci. 48: 205-211.
   Tolleenar, M., Dibo, A. A., Aguiera, A., Weise, S. F. and Swanton, C. J. 1994. Effect of crop density on weed interference in maize. Agron. J. 86: 591-595.
   Van Acker, R. C. Swanton, C. J. and Weise, S. F. 1993. The critical period of weed control in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Weed Sci. 41: 180-184.
   Yazdi Samadi, B., Rezaei, A. and Valyzadeh, M. 2002 Statistical designs in agricultural research. Tehran University Publication. 764pp. (In Persian).
   Zeinali, E. and Ehteshami, S. M. R. 2003. Biology and control of important weed species.  Publication of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran, 412p. (In Persian).