Early Root and Shoot Competition between Spring Cereal Cultivars and Wild Mustard (Brassica kaber)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

The use of more competitive species and cultivars in small grain cereal production may help to develop production systems that require less herbicide. This study was designed to identify root and shoot characteristics of cereal seedlings that would allow distinguishing the more competitive (MC) cultivars from the less competitive (LC) ones. Two growth cabinet trials were conducted using four crops: two-row barley, six-row barley, oat, and wheat. A total of twelve cultivars (six classified a priori as MC and six classified a priori as LC) were grown with and without wild mustard. The inhibitory effects of the MC cultivars on wild mustard growth were not systematically larger than those of the LC cultivars at 3 weeks after emergence. Oat was found to be more competitive than two-row and six-row barley. Wild mustard adversely affected the above-ground growth of two-row barley and oat but had no effect on below-ground growth; shoot competition may precede root competition. For two-row barley, oat, and wheat competing with wild mustard,   Correspondence to : M.A. Baghestani Meybodi , E-mail: Baghestani@ppdri.ac.ir M.A. Baghestani-Meybodi et al. growth of MC cultivars was superior to that of LC cultivars. Only MC oat and wheat cultivars produced more above- and below-ground growth than LC cultivars while exerting a greater competitive effect on wild mustard growth. These results suggest that it may be possible to select oat and wheat cultivars for greater competitive ability against wild mustard based on root and shoot characteristics

Keywords

References

Arnone III, J.A. & Kestenholz, C. 1997. Root competition and elevated CO2: effects on
seedling growth in
Linum usitatissimum populations & Linim-siliene cretica mixtures.
Functtional Ecology
11: 209-214.
Baghestani, A., Lemieux, C., Leroux, G.D, Baziramakenga, R. & Simard, R.R. 1999.
Determination of allelochemicals in spring cereal cultivars of different competitiveness.
 
Weed Science
47: 498-504.
Bozsa, R.C. & Oliver, L.R. 1990. Competitive mechanisms of common cocklebur
(
Xanthium strumarium) and soybean (Glycine max) during seedling growth. Weed
Science
38: 34-350.
Callaway, M.B. 1992. A compendium of crop varietal tolerance to weeds.
Amrican Journal
of Alternative Agriculture
7: 169-180.
M.A. Baghestani-Meybodi
et al.
Challaiah, R.E., Burnside, O.C., Wicks G.A. & Johnson V.A. 1986. Competition between
winter wheat (
Triticum aestivum) cultivars and downy brome (Bromus tectorum). Weed
Science
34: 689-693.
Christensen, S. 1995. Weed suppression ability of spring barley varieties.
Weed Reserach
35
: 241-247.
Dahl, G.K., Dexter A.G. & Nalewaja, J.D. 1982. Wild mustard competition and control in
wheat. In: Proceedings of North Central Weed Control Conference (NCWCC), 7-9 Dec.,
1982. Indianapolis, Indiana
37: 23–23.
Dunan, C.M., & Zimdahl, R.L. 1991. Competitive ability of wild oat (
Avena fatua) and
barley (
Hordeum vulgare). Weed Science 39: 558-563.
Evetts, L.L., & Burnside, O.C. 1973. Early root & shoot development of nine plant species.
 
Weed Science
21: 289-291.
Grundy, A.C., & Froud-Williams, R.J. 1993. The use of cultivar, crop seed rate and
nitrogen level for the suppression of weeds in winter wheat. Proceedings of Brighton
Crop Protection Conference
–Weeds. pp 997-1002.
Hackett, C. 1969. A study of the root system of barley. II. Relationships between root
dimensions and nutrient uptake.
New Phytology 68: 1023-1030.
Hallberg, G.R. 1987. Agricultural chemicals in ground water: extent and implication.
 
Amrican Journal of Alternative Agriculture
2: 3-15.
Holm, L.J., Doll., Holm, E., Pancho, J. & Herberger, J. 1997. World Weeds: Natural 370.
Histories and Distribution. John Wiley & Sons. 1129 p.
James, K.L., Banks, P.A. & Karnok, K.J. 1988. Interference of soyabean, Glycine max,
cultivars with Sicklepod, Cassia obtusifolia.
Weed Technology 2: 404-409.
Liebman, M. & Robichaux, H. 1990. Competition by barley and pea against mustard:
effects on resource acquisition, photosynthesis and yield.
Agricultural Ecosystem.
Environment
31:155-172.
Mian, M.A.R., Nafziger, E.D., Kolb, F.L., & Teyker, R.H. 1993. Root growth of wheat
genotypes in hydroponic culture and in the greenhouse under different soil moisture
regimes.
Crop Science 33: 283-286.
Mian, M.A.R., Nafziger, E.D. Kolb, F.L. & Teyker, R.H. 1994. Root size and distribution
of field-grown wheat genotypes.
Crop Science 34: 810-812. 381
Monks, D. W., Oliver, L. R. & Bozsa, R. C. 1988. Seedling growth of soybeans (
Glycine
max
) and selected weeds. Weed Science 36: 167-171.
Moss, S. R. 1985. The influence of crop variety & seed rate on Alopecurus 384
myosuroides competition in winter cereals. British Crop Protection Conference
– Weeds.
7A- 5: 701
–708. 386
Pavlychenko, T.K. 1937. Quantitative study of the entire root systems of weed and crop
plants under field conditions.
Ecology 18: 62-79.
Iranian Journal of Weed Science
(2005), Volume 1, No., 1, 19-40
Preradov-Odobasic, A. 1997.
Évaluation des cultivars de céréales de printemps à l’éard
desmauvaises herbes. Mémoire de maîtrise. Département de phytologie, Université
Laval, Canada. 86 p.
Richards, M.C. & Davies, D.H.K. 1991. Potential for reducing herbicide inputs/rates with
more competitive cereal cultivars. Proceedings of Brighton Crop Protection Conference-
Weeds. 1233
–1240.
Römer, W., Augustin, J. & Schiling, G. 1988. The relationship between phosphate
absorption and root length in nine wheat cultivars. Plant & Soil 111: 199-201.
Rooney, J. M. 1991. Influence of growth form of
Avena fatua L., on the growth and yield
of
Triticum aestivum L. Annual Applied Biology 118: 411-416.
SAS Institute Inc. 1989. SAS/STATS® User’s guide, Version 6, Fourth Edition, Volume 1.
943 p.
Steel, R.G.D. & Torrie, J. H. 1980. Principles and procedures of statistics. A biometrical
approach, 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hill Inc. New York. 633 p.
Tacq, J. 1997. Multivariate analysis techniques in social science research. SAGE
Publications Ltd., London. 411 p.
Verschwele, A. & Niemann, P. 1994. Indirect weed control by selection of wheat
cultivars. In: Maîtrise des Adventices par Voie Non Chimique. Communications de la
quatrième conférence internationale (J.M. Thomas, ed.). I.F.O.A.M., 5
–9 Juillet 4.993.
Dijon, France. Pp. 269-273.
Wang, X. & Below, F.E. 1992. Root growth, nitrogen uptake, and tillering of wheat
induced by mixed-nitrogen source.
Crop Science 32: 997-1002.
Warwick, S.I., Beckie, H.J., Thomas A.G. & McDonald T. 2000. The biology of Canadian
weeds. 8.
Sinapis arvensis L. (updated). Canadian Journal of Plant Science 55: 171–183.
Wicks G. A., Ramsel, R. E., Nordquist, P. T., Schmidt, J. W. & Challaiah, O. C. 1986.
Impact of wheat cultivars on establishment and suppression of summer annual weeds.
 
Agronomy Journal
78: 59-62.
Wilson, J. B. 1988. Shoot competition & root competition.
Journal of Applied Ecology 25:
279-296.
Wortmann, C.S. 1993. Contribution of bean morphological characteristics to weed
suppression.
Agronomy Journal 85: 840-843.
Zimdahl, R.L. 1980. Weed-crop competition: a review. International Plant Protection
Center. Oregon State University. USA. 195 p.
Arnone III, J.A. & Kestenholz, C. 1997. Root competition and elevated CO2: effects on
seedling growth in
Linum usitatissimum populations & Linim-siliene cretica mixtures.
Functtional Ecology
11: 209-214.
Baghestani, A., Lemieux, C., Leroux, G.D, Baziramakenga, R. & Simard, R.R. 1999.
Determination of allelochemicals in spring cereal cultivars of different competitiveness.
Weed Science
47: 498-504.
Bozsa, R.C. & Oliver, L.R. 1990. Competitive mechanisms of common cocklebur
(
Xanthium strumarium) and soybean (Glycine max) during seedling growth. Weed
Science
38: 34-350.
Callaway, M.B. 1992. A compendium of crop varietal tolerance to weeds.
Amrican Journal
of Alternative Agriculture
7: 169-180.
M.A. Baghestani-Meybodi
et al.
Challaiah, R.E., Burnside, O.C., Wicks G.A. & Johnson V.A. 1986. Competition between
winter wheat (
Triticum aestivum) cultivars and downy brome (Bromus tectorum). Weed
Science
34: 689-693.
Christensen, S. 1995. Weed suppression ability of spring barley varieties.
Weed Reserach
35
: 241-247.
Dahl, G.K., Dexter A.G. & Nalewaja, J.D. 1982. Wild mustard competition and control in
wheat. In: Proceedings of North Central Weed Control Conference (NCWCC), 7-9 Dec.,
1982. Indianapolis, Indiana
37: 23–23.
Dunan, C.M., & Zimdahl, R.L. 1991. Competitive ability of wild oat (
Avena fatua) and
barley (
Hordeum vulgare). Weed Science 39: 558-563.
Evetts, L.L., & Burnside, O.C. 1973. Early root & shoot development of nine plant species.
Weed Science
21: 289-291.
Grundy, A.C., & Froud-Williams, R.J. 1993. The use of cultivar, crop seed rate and
nitrogen level for the suppression of weeds in winter wheat. Proceedings of Brighton
Crop Protection Conference
–Weeds. pp 997-1002.
Hackett, C. 1969. A study of the root system of barley. II. Relationships between root
dimensions and nutrient uptake.
New Phytology 68: 1023-1030.
Hallberg, G.R. 1987. Agricultural chemicals in ground water: extent and implication.
Amrican Journal of Alternative Agriculture
2: 3-15.
Holm, L.J., Doll., Holm, E., Pancho, J. & Herberger, J. 1997. World Weeds: Natural 370.
Histories and Distribution. John Wiley & Sons. 1129 p.
James, K.L., Banks, P.A. & Karnok, K.J. 1988. Interference of soyabean, Glycine max,
cultivars with Sicklepod, Cassia obtusifolia.
Weed Technology 2: 404-409.
Liebman, M. & Robichaux, H. 1990. Competition by barley and pea against mustard:
effects on resource acquisition, photosynthesis and yield.
Agricultural Ecosystem.
Environment
31:155-172.
Mian, M.A.R., Nafziger, E.D., Kolb, F.L., & Teyker, R.H. 1993. Root growth of wheat
genotypes in hydroponic culture and in the greenhouse under different soil moisture
regimes.
Crop Science 33: 283-286.
Mian, M.A.R., Nafziger, E.D. Kolb, F.L. & Teyker, R.H. 1994. Root size and distribution
of field-grown wheat genotypes.
Crop Science 34: 810-812. 381
Monks, D. W., Oliver, L. R. & Bozsa, R. C. 1988. Seedling growth of soybeans (
Glycine
max
) and selected weeds. Weed Science 36: 167-171.
Moss, S. R. 1985. The influence of crop variety & seed rate on Alopecurus 384
myosuroides competition in winter cereals. British Crop Protection Conference
– Weeds.
7A- 5: 701
–708. 386
Pavlychenko, T.K. 1937. Quantitative study of the entire root systems of weed and crop
plants under field conditions.
Ecology 18: 62-79.
Iranian Journal of Weed Science
(2005), Volume 1, No., 1, 19-40
Preradov-Odobasic, A. 1997.
Évaluation des cultivars de céréales de printemps à l’éard
desmauvaises herbes. Mémoire de maîtrise. Département de phytologie, Université
Laval, Canada. 86 p.
Richards, M.C. & Davies, D.H.K. 1991. Potential for reducing herbicide inputs/rates with
more competitive cereal cultivars. Proceedings of Brighton Crop Protection Conference-
Weeds. 1233
–1240.
Römer, W., Augustin, J. & Schiling, G. 1988. The relationship between phosphate
absorption and root length in nine wheat cultivars. Plant & Soil 111: 199-201.
Rooney, J. M. 1991. Influence of growth form of
Avena fatua L., on the growth and yield
of
Triticum aestivum L. Annual Applied Biology 118: 411-416.
SAS Institute Inc. 1989. SAS/STATS® User’s guide, Version 6, Fourth Edition, Volume 1.
943 p.
Steel, R.G.D. & Torrie, J. H. 1980. Principles and procedures of statistics. A biometrical
approach, 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hill Inc. New York. 633 p.
Tacq, J. 1997. Multivariate analysis techniques in social science research. SAGE
Publications Ltd., London. 411 p.
Verschwele, A. & Niemann, P. 1994. Indirect weed control by selection of wheat
cultivars. In: Maîtrise des Adventices par Voie Non Chimique. Communications de la
quatrième conférence internationale (J.M. Thomas, ed.). I.F.O.A.M., 5
–9 Juillet 4.993.
Dijon, France. Pp. 269-273.
Wang, X. & Below, F.E. 1992. Root growth, nitrogen uptake, and tillering of wheat
induced by mixed-nitrogen source.
Crop Science 32: 997-1002.
Warwick, S.I., Beckie, H.J., Thomas A.G. & McDonald T. 2000. The biology of Canadian
weeds. 8.
Sinapis arvensis L. (updated). Canadian Journal of Plant Science 55: 171–183.
Wicks G. A., Ramsel, R. E., Nordquist, P. T., Schmidt, J. W. & Challaiah, O. C. 1986.
Impact of wheat cultivars on establishment and suppression of summer annual weeds.
Agronomy Journal
78: 59-62.
Wilson, J. B. 1988. Shoot competition & root competition.
Journal of Applied Ecology 25:
279-296.
Wortmann, C.S. 1993. Contribution of bean morphological characteristics to weed
suppression.
Agronomy Journal 85: 840-843.
Zimdahl, R.L. 1980. Weed-crop competition: a review. International Plant Protection
Center. Oregon State University. USA. 195 p.
Iranian Journal of Weed Science
Volume 1, Issue 1 - Serial Number 1
No 1 & 2
September 2005
Pages 19-40

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