تأثیر گیاهان پوششی و کنترل تلفیقی بر مدیریت علف‌های‌هرز و عملکرد غده سیب‌زمینی در سیستم‌های مختلف خاک‌ورزی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه زراعت و اصلاح‌ نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی‌سینا همدان

2 دانشجوی دکتری فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی‌سینا

چکیده

با توجه به اهمیت کاهش خاک‌ورزی و کاهش مصرف علف‌‌کش‌ها در مدیریت پایدار نظام‌های کشاورزی، استفاده از گیاهان پوششی را می‌توان به عنوان جایگزین یا مکملی برای کنترل علف‌های‌هرز در نظر گرفت. بدین منظور آزمایشی در سال زراعی 92-1391 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه بوعلی سینا به صورت کرت‌های دوبار خرد شده در قالب طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار، اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل سیستم‌های خاک‌ورزی در سه سطح (خاک‌ورزی متداول، خاک‌ورزی حداقل و بدون خاک‌ورزی) در کرت‌های اصلی، کاربرد گیاهان پوششی در سه سطح (گیاه پوششی جو (Hordeum vulgare L.)، ماشک (vica villosa roth) و شاهد) در کرت‌های فرعی و کنترل تلفیقی علف‌های‌هرز در دو سطح (کنترل و عدم کنترل علف‌های‌هرز) در کرت‌های فرعی- فرعی قرار گرفتند. کاربرد گیاهان پوششی جو و ماشک توأم با کنترل تلفیقی علف‌های‌هرز در روش خاک‌ورزی متداول توانست به طور کامل علف‌های‌هرز را کنترل نمایند. کاربرد گیاهان پوششی در تیمار خاک‌ورزی متداول، خاک‌ورزی حداقل و بدون خاک‌ورزی، شاخص تنوع شانون- وینر علف‌های‌هرز را به ترتیب 24/54، 78/33 و 48/54 درصد کاهش داد. میزان کاهش شاخص تنوع شانون- وینر با کاربرد کنترل تلفیقی در روش‌های خاک‌ورزی متداول، خاک‌ورزی کاهش یافته و بدون خاک‌ورزی نسبت به تیمار شاهد به ترتیب 66/66، 74/61 و 56 درصد بود. بیشترین عملکرد غده (74/63 تن در هکتار) در روش خاک‌ورزی متداول با کاربرد گیاه پوششی ماشک توأم با کنترل تلفیقی علف‌های‌هرز بدست آمد که 81/55  درصد نسبت به شاهد بدون کنترل علف‌هرز و گیاه پوششی افزایش داشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Cover Crops and Integrated Control on Weed Management and Tuber Yield of Potato (Solanum tuberosum) in Different Tillage Systems

نویسندگان [English]

  • godarz Ahmadvand 1
  • somaye Hajinia 2
چکیده [English]

Considering the importance of conservation tillage and reduction of herbicide in the sustainable management of agricultural systems, use of cover crops can be considered as an alternative or supplement to control of weeds. A field experiment was conducted at the Research Station of Agricultural Faculty, of Bu-Ali Sina University, in 2013. The experiment was carried out as a split- split plot based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The treatments included tillage systems at three levels (conventional tillage, minimum tillage and no-tillage) as main plots, three levels of cover crop (Vetch (vica villosa Roth), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and without cover crop) as subplot, and two levels of integrated control of weeds (weed control and weed free) as sub-sub plots. Barley and vetch cover crops combined with integrated weed control in conventional tillage system could completely control the weeds. Application of cover crops in the conventional tillage, reduced tillage and no tillage systems reduced Shannon-Wiener diversity index of weeds by 54.24, 33.78 and 54.84 percent, respectively. Reduction rate of diversity index using integrated control in the conventional tillage, reduced tillage and no-tillage systems compared to the control by 66.66, 61.74 and 56 percent, respectively. The highest tuber yield (63.74 Tons per hectare) was obtained in conventional tillage system application with vetch cover crop combined with integrated weed control that was about 55.81% more than that of no integrated weed control and no cover crops application, treatment.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Conservation tillage
  • diversity indices
  • Shannon-Wiener
  • weed
Anderson, R.L. 2007. Residue management tactics for corn following spring wheat. Weed Technol. 22: 177-181.
Booth, B.D., Murphy, S.D. and Swanton, C.J. 2003. Weed ecology in natural and agricultural systems. 1th edn. CABI Publishing. 303 Pp.
Bostrom, U. and Fogelfors, H. 1999. Type and time of autumn tillage with and without herbicides at reduced rate in southern Sweden. Soil and Till. Res. 50: 283-293.
Brainard, D.C., Peachey, E., Haramoto, E., Luna, J. and Rangarajan, A. 2013. Weed ecology and management under strip-tillage: implications for Northern U.S. vegetable cropping systems. Weed Technol. 27: 218–230.
Caporali, F. and Onnis, A. 1992. Validity of rotation as an effective agroecological principle for a sustainable agriculture. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 41: 101-113.
Cavigelli, M.A., Teasdale, J.R. and Conklin, A.E. 2008. Long-term agronomic performance of organic and conventional field crops in the Mid Atlantic region. Agron. J. 100: 785-794.
Demjanova, E., Macak, M., Dalovic, I., Majerník, F., Tyr, S. and Smatana, J. 2009. Effects of tillage systems and crop rotation on weed density weed species composition and weed biomass in maize. Agron. Res. 7: 785-792.
Dhima, K.V., Vasilakoglou, I.B., Eleftherohorinos, I.G. and lithourgidis, A.S. 2006. Allelopathic potential of winter cereal cover crop mulches on grass weed suppression and sugarbeet development. Crop Sci. 46: 345-352.
Dorado, J., Delmonte, J.D. and Lopex Fando, C. 1999. Weed seed bank response to crop rotation and tillage in semiarid agro ecosystems. Weed Sci. 47: 67-73. 
Eberlein, C.V., Patterson, P., Guttiri, M. and Stark. J. 1997. Efficacy and economics of cultivation for weed control in potato (Solanum tuberosum). Weed Techno. 11: 257-264.
Felix, J. and Boydston, R.A. 2010. Valuation of Imazosulfuron for Yellow Nutsedge and Broad leaf Weed Control in Potato. Weed Technol. 24: 471-477.
Ghaffari, M., Ahmadvand, G., Ardakani, M.R., Mossadeqi, M.R. and Ghaffari, M. 2012. Effects of cover crop before planting to control weeds, improve soil fertility, yield and yield components of potato. Iranian J. Field Crop Res. 10: 247-255. (In persian).
Galloway, B.A. and Weston, L.A. 1996. Influence of coer crop and herbicide treatment n weed control and yield in no-till sweet corn and pumpkin. Weed Technol. 10: 341-346.
Garcia, J.P., Wortmann, C.S., Mamo, M., Drijber, R. and Tarkalson, D. 2007. One-time tillage of no-till: effects on nutrients, mycorrhizae, and phosphorus uptake. Agron J. 99: 1093-1103.
Gaskill, M., Fouch, B., Koike, S., Lanin, J. Mitchell, J. and Smith, R. 2000. Organic vegetable productionin California science and practice. Hort. Technol. 10: 699-713.
Hartwig, N.L. and Ammon, H.U. 2002. Cover crops and living mulches. Weed Sci. 50: 688-699.
Kruidhof, H.M., Bastiaans, L. and Kropff, M.J. 2008. Ecological weed management by cover cropping effects on weed growth in autumn and weed establishment in spring. Weed Res. 48: 492-502.
Kumar, V., Singh, S., Chhokar, R.S. Malik, R.K. Brainard, D.C. and Ladha, J.K. 2013. Weed management strategies to reduce herbicide use in zero-tillage rice-wheat cropping systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plains. Weed Technol. 27: 241-254.
Kurstjens, D.G. 2007. Precise tillage systems for enhanced non chemical weed management. Soil and Till. Res. 97: 293-305.
Lanfranconi, L.E., Bellinder, R.R. and Wallce, R.W. 1993. Grain rye residues and weed control strategies in reduced tillage potato. Weed Thechnol. 7: 23-28.
Legere, A., Shirtliffe, S.J., Vanasse, A. and Gulden. R.H. 2013. Extreme grain-based cropping systems: When herbicide-free weed nanagement meets conservation tillage in Northern climates. Weed Technol. 27: 204-211.
Liebman, M. and Davis, A.S. 2000. Integration of soil, crop and weed management in low-external-input farming system. Weed Res. 40: 27-47.
Machado, S. 2007. Allelopathic potential of various plant species on downy broms. Agron, J. 99: 127-132.
Masiunas, J.B., Weston, L.A. and Weller, S.C. 1995. The impact of rye cover crops on weed populations in a tomato cropping system. Weed Sci. 43: 318-323.
McLenaghen, R.D., Cameron, K.C., Lampkin, N.H., Daly, M.L. and Deo, B. 1996. Nitrate, leaching from plowed pasture and the effectiveness of winter catch crops in  reducing  leaching losses. New Zealand J. Agric. Res. 39: 413-20.
Mirsky, S.B., Curran, W.S., Mortensen, D.A., Ryan, M.R. and Shumway. D.L. 2011. Timing of cover crop management effects on weed suppression in no-till planted soybean using a roller-crimper. Weed Sci. 59:380-389.
Nelson, D.C., and Thoreson. M.C. 1981. Competition between potato (Solanum tuberosum) and weeds. Weed Sci. 29: 672-677.
Ngouagio, M., Mcgiffen, M.E. and Hutchinson, C.M. 2003. Effect of cover crop and management system on weed populations in lettuce. Crop Pro. 22: 57- 64.
Norsworthy, J.K., McClelland, M., Griffith, G., Bangarwa, S.K. and Still, J. 2011. Evaluation of cereal and brassicaceae cover crops in conservation-tillage, enhanced, glyphosate-resistant cotton. Weed Technol. 25: 6-13.
Noruzzadeh, S., Rashed Mohasel, R., Nassiri Mahallati, M., Koocheki, A. and Abbas-poor, M. 2009. Evaluation of species, functional and structural diversity of weeds in whear fields of Northern, Southern and Razavi Khorasan provinces. Iranian J. Field Crop Res. 6: 471-485. (In Persian).
Padarlo, A., Bazoobandi, M., Alimoradi, L. and Jahedi poor, S. 2008. Calculation of Shanon-Weiner and Simpson index in weeds community of saffron fields. In 2nd Iranian Weed Science Congress. Mashhad, Iran, 29-30 January. (in Persian).
Price, A.J., Reeves, D.W. and Patterson, M.G. 2006. Evaluation of weed control provided by three winter cereals in conservation-tillage soybean. Renewable Agri. and Food Sys. 21: 159-164.
Price, A.J., Balkcom, K.S. and Culpepper, S.A. 2011. Glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth: a threat to conservation tillage. J. Soil .Water Conserv. 66: 265-275.
Putnam, A.R. 1990. Vegetable weed control with minimal herbicide input. Hort. Sci. 25:155-159.
Samadani, B., Ranjbar, M., Rahimian, H. and Jahanssoz, M.R. 2005. The effect of winter cover crops of rye and hairy vetch and their intercropping on plant density and biomass of autumn weeds of flix weed and vax doll. J. Plant Dese. 1: 85-95. (In Persian with English summary).
Schupp, J.R. and McCue, J.J. 1996. Effect of five weed control methods on growth an fruiting of McIntosh M.7 apple trees. J. of Tree fruit prod.1: 1-14.
Tessdale, J.R., Beste, C.E. and Potis, W.E. 1991. Response of weeds to tillage and cover crop residue. Weed Sci. 39: 195-199.
Teasdale, J.R., Pillai, P. and Collins, R.T. 2005. Synergism between cover crop residue and herbicide activity on emergence and early growth of weeds. Weed Sci. 53: 521-527.
Wang, K., McSorley, R., Gallaher, R.N. and Kokalis-Burelle, N. 2008. Cover crops and organic mulches for nematode weed and plant health management. Nematology. 10: 231-242.
Zewdie, K. and Suwanketnikom, R. 2005. Relative Influence of tillage, fertilizer, and weed management on weed associations in wheat cropping systems of Ethiopian Highlands. Kasetsart J. Nat. Sci. 39: 569-580.