تاثیر عمق قرارگیری بذر و زمان کاشت بر رقابت جمعیت‌‌های یولاف وحشی زمستانه (Avena ludoviciana) با گندم (Triticum aestivum)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه

2 استاد گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه

3 دانشیار، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه

چکیده

یولاف‌وحشی به علت قابلیت سازگاری با شرایط اکولوژیکی و رقابت، به عنوان یکی از مشکل‌سازترین علف‌های هرز در غلات به­شمار می­رود. الگوی رویش این علف‌هرز به گونه‌ای است که امکان حضور و رقابت با گندم را در سراسر فصل رشد فراهم می‌سازد. در همین راستا و با هدف ارزیابی تأثیر زمان و عمق کاشت بر رقابت میان گندم و علف‌هرز یولاف‌وحشی زمستانه، پژوهشی در قالب طرح کرت‌های دوبار خرد شده با سه تکرار، در سال زراعی 1396-1395 انجام شد. کرت اصلی شامل دو تاریخ کاشت گندم و یولاف‌وحشی (19 آبان و 24 آذر)، کرت فرعی شامل شش جمعیت یولاف‌وحشی (شیراز، کردستان، مشهد، کرمانشاه، کرج و اهواز) و کرت فرعی فرعی شامل دو عمق کاشت بذر یولاف‌وحشی (دو و پنج سانتی‌متری) بود. نتایج نشان داد که در هر دو تاریخ کاشت، گندم از سرعت سبز‌شدن بالاتری نسبت به جمعیت‌های یولاف‌وحشی برخوردار بود. در تاریخ کاشت آبان‌ماه، وزن تک‌بوته گندم در رقابت با یولاف‌وحشی بیشتر بود، درحالی‌که کاشت در آذرماه، منجر به افزایش ارتفاع، توان رقابتی و عملکرد دانه گندم شد. رقابت با یولاف‌وحشی بر ارتفاع گندم تأثیرگذار بود؛ به گونه‌ای که جمعیت اهواز در آبان‌ماه، بیشترین (ارتفاع گندم 16/74 سانتی‌متر) و جمعیت یولاف‌وحشی کرج در آذرماه، کمترین (ارتفاع گندم 66/89 سانتی‌متر) و تأثیر را بر کاهش ارتفاع گندم داشتند. بسته به زمان کاشت و جمعیت یولاف‌وحشی، عمق قرارگیری بذر، تأثیرات متفاوتی داشت و در آبان‌ماه و عمق پنج سانتی‌متری، زیست‌توده یولاف‌وحشی      ( g/m2212/205) کمتر از کاشت در آذرماه در این عمق ( g/m2294/379) بود. جمعیت‌های کرج و اهواز یولاف‌وحشی، کمترین تعداد بذر را در رقابت با گندم دارا بودند. به‌طورکلی، زمان کاشت و عمق قرارگیری بذر جمعیت‌های یولاف‌وحشی در خاک، بر الگوی رویش و توان رقابتی این علف‌هرز با گندم مؤثر بود. می‌توان از این نتایج در جهت برنامه‌ریزی برای اعمال روش‌های مدیریت علف‌های‌هرز از جمله انتخاب سیستم‌های‌ خاکورزی، استفاده نمود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of seed planting depth and sowing time on winter wild oat populations (Avena ludoviciana) and wheat competition (Triticum aestivum)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Saeedeh Balaghi 1
  • Hassan Alizadeh 2
  • Mostafa Oveisi 3
1 Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran
2 Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran
3 Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Wild oat is considered as one of the most problematic weeds in cereals due to compatibility with ecological conditions and competition. The emergence pattern of this weed allows its presence and competition with wheat throughout the growing season. To evaluate the effect of sowing time and depth on wheat and winter wild oat competition, a field experiment was conducted in a split-split plot designe with three replications in 2016-2017. Main plots were two sowing dates of wheat and wild oat (November 10 and December 15), subplots were six wild oat populations (Shiraz, Kurdistan, Mashhad, Kermanshah, Karaj and Ahvaz) and sub-sub-plot were seed sowing depth of wild oats (2 and 5 cm). The results showed that emergence rate of wheat was higher than wild oat populations in both sowing dates. In November sowing date treatment, wheat produced more individual weight in competition with wild oat. Competition with wild oat was effective on wheat height. Ahvaz population had the greatest (wheat height 74.16 cm) effect on reducing wheat height in November sowing date. In December sowing date, Karaj population had the least (wheat height 89.66 cm) effect on reducing wheat height. Depending on sowing date and the population of wild oat, seed depth had different effects, so that in November sowing date and 5 cm depth, wild oat biomass (205.212 g/m2) was less than December (379.294 g/m2). Also, Karaj and Ahvaz populations had the lowest seed number in competition with wheat. Generally, the sowing date and seed planting depth of wild oat populations were effective on emergence model and competitive ability of this weed with wheat. These results we can be used to plan for the application of weed management methods such as selection of tillage systems.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Emergence model
  • growing degree-days (GDD)
  • mixed culture
  • monoculture
  • yield

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دانش علف‌های هرز ایران
دوره 16، شماره 2
مهر 1399
صفحه 57-73

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