تاثیر نوع کشت، زمین دارای بقایای گندم و زمین بدون بقایا بر الگوی رویش قیاق (Sorghum halepanse L.) بذری و ریزومی در منطقه کرج

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

هدف از این مطالعه بررسی الگوی رویش قیاق بذری و ریزومی در زمین بدون بقایا و زمین دارای بقایای گندم و همچنین تاثیر کانوپی سیب زمینی و ذرت بر الگوی رویش قیاق بذری و ریزومی بود. به این منظور در قسمتی از مزرعه پزوهشی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تهران که آلوده به علف‌هرز قیاق بود، چهار مزرعه در مجاورت هم انتخاب شد: زمین بدون پوشش (آیش)، زمین پوشیده از بقایای گندم، ذرت و سیب زمینی.  شمارش گیاهچه‌های بذری و ریزومی به فواصل هفتگی تا انتهای فصل ادامه یافت. نتایج نشان داد روند رویش تجمعی قیاق‌های بذری در زمین دارای بقای گندم نسبت به سایر تیمارها در زمان دمای بالاتری (1278 درجه روز رشد) به حداکثر رسید. همچنین نرخ رویش گیاهچه‌های بذری به ازاء دریافت زمان دما، در زمین دارای بقایای گندم بیشتر بود (974 گیاهچه). زمان دمای مورد نیاز برای رسیدن به 50 درصد رویش قیاق‌های ریزومی در مزرعه ذرت از همه تیمارها بیشتر بود (1118 درجه روز رشد). بیشترین رویش تجمعی قیاق‌های بذری و ریزومی به ترتیب با 1034 گیاهچه و 1541 گیاهچه، در زمین بدون بقایا بدست آمد. رویش گیاهچه‌های بذری زیر کانوپی سیب زمینی و ذرت به سرعت متوقف شد در حالی که ظهور جوانه‌های ریزومی قیاق تا زمان برداشت ادامه داشت. این موضوع نشان می‌دهد که سبز شدن قیاق‌های بذری در اوایل فصل سریعتر از قیاق ریزومی صورت می‌گیرد و با انجام شخم در ابتدای فصل می‌توان از سبز شدن بخش زیادی از آنها جلوگیری نمود

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Cropping Type, Land Covered with Wheat Residue and without Residue on Emergence Pattern of Seedling and Rhizome Sprouting Shoot of Sorghum halepense L. in Karaj Region

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hossein Dashti
  • Hamid Rahimian Mashhadi
  • Mostafa Oveisi
چکیده [English]

In order to survey emergence pattern of seedling and ramet of Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense), an experiment was conducted in the research field of department of agriculture of Tehran University. Evaluations were performed in corn and potato' fields, and two fallow fields (with and without wheat residual that we say hereafter bare field). Johnsongrass seedlings and rhizome sprouting shoots were counted   at one-week intervals throughout the season. Results indicated that in residual treatment, cumulative emergence of seedling of S.halepense reached to maximum amount in upper thermal time (1278 TT) in comparison with other treatments. Also in the field with residual, rate of emergence of seedlings per unit of thermal time was more (974 seedlings). In corn field required TT to reach 50% rhizome emergence was more than other treatments (1118 TT). The most cumulative emergence of seedling and rhizome shoot observed in bare soil treatment, was 1034 and 1541 seedlings, respectively. Emergence of seedlings quickly stoped under corn and potato canopy while emergence of rhizome shoots continued to the end of the season. The present study demonstrated that the emergence of Johnson grass seedlings is faster rhizomes in early season and thus early plowing at the beginning of season can be an effective practice to control its emergence.  

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Sorghume halepense L
  • emergence pattern
  • Tillage
  • TT
  • Weibull model
  • bare soil

مراجع

Alm, D. A., Stoller, E. W. and Wax, L. M. 1993. An index model for predicting seed germination and emergence rates. Weed Technol. 7:560-569.
Benech-Arnold, R.., Ghersa, C., Sanchez, R., Insausti, P. 1990. Temperature effects on dormancy release and germination rate in Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. seeds: A quantitative analysis. Weed Res.30:81-89.
Benech Arnold, R.L., Sánchez, R. A. (1994). Modelling weed seed germination. In: Seed Development and Germination (J. Kigel y G. Galili eds.). Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.
Benvenuti, S., Macchia, M. and Miele, S. 2001. Quantitative analysis of emergence of seedlings from buried weed seeds with increasing soil depth. Weed Sci. 49:528-535.
Bilbro, J.D. & Wanjura, D.F. (1982) Soil crusts and cotton emergence relationships.Transactions of the ASAE.25:1484–1487.
Buhler, D. D., Mester,T. C. and Kohler, K. A. 1996. The effect of maize residues and tillage on emergence of Setaria faberi, Abutilon theophrasti, Amarathus retroflexus and Chenopodium album. Weed Res. 36:153-165.
California Department of Food and Agriculture, EncycloWeedia. 2002. Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.), Shattercane (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Healy, E.A., Enloe, S. DiTomaso, J.M. Roberson, B. Dechoretz, N. Schoenig, S. Akers, P. Butler, L. and Garvin J. Non-Cropland Weed group, UC Extension Service, Weed Science Program, Department of Vegetable Crops, The University of California. Davis, CA. 95616.
Cardina, J., Herms, C.P. Herms, D. A. Forcella. F. 2007. Evaluating phonological indicators for predicting giant foxtail (Setaria  faberi) emergence. Weed Sci. 55:455 464.
Dorado, J., Sousa, E., Calha, I. M., Gonzalez - Andujar,  J. L., Fernandez-Quintalilla, C. 2008. Predicting weed emergence in maize crops under two contrasting climatic condition.Weed Res. 1-9.
Fenner, M., Thompson, K. 2006. The ecology of seeds. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Forcella, F., Wilson, R. G., Kermer, R. J., Cardina, J., Anderson, R. L. 1997. Weed seedbank emergence across the cornbelte. 1991-1994. Weed Sci. 45:67-76.
Forcella, F., Benech- Arnold, R.,. Sanchez , R., Ghersa, C. 2000. Modeling seedling emergence. Field Crops Res. 67:123-139.
Hall M.R., Swanton, C. J. and Anderson, G.W. 1992. The critical period of weed control in grain corn (Zea mays). Weed Sci. 40, 441- 447.
Horowitz .M. 1973.  Spatial growth of Sorghum halepense. Weed Res .13:200–208.
Holm, L. G., Plunknett,  D. L., Pancho, J. V. and Herberger, J. P. 1977. The World's Worst Weeds, Distribution and Biology University of Press of Hawaii, Honolulu. Pages 54-6 1.
Holm, L. G., Plunknett,  D. L., Pancho, J. V. and Herberger, J. P. 1991. The world's worst weeds. Distribution and biology. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida.
Huang, W. Z. and Hsiao, A. I. 1987. Factors affecting seed dormancy and germination of Johnsongrass, Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Weed Res. 27: 1- 12.
Leguizamon. E. S., Rodriguez, N. Rainero, H., Perez, M., Perez, L., Zorza, E., Fernandez-Quintanilla, C. 2009. Modelling the emergence pattern of six summer annual weed grasses under no tillage systems in Argentina. Weed Res 49, 98 106.cornbelte. 1991-1994. Weed Sci. 45:67-76.
Mc Whorter, C. G. 1989. History, biology and control of johnsongrass. Rev. Weed Sci. 4:85-121.
Miguel,. L. V. and Ghersa, C. 1993. Improving johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) control in soybean and sunflower cropping systems. Weed Sci. 41: 107-113.
Mohler, C.L., Frisch, J. C. and  McCulloch, C. E. 2006. Vertical movement of weed seed surrogates by tillage implements and natural processes. Soil & tillage Res. 86:110-122.
Mulugeta, D. and Stoltenberg, D. E. 1997. Increased weed emergence and seed bank depletion by soil disturbance in no-tillage systems. Weed Sci. 45:234–241.
Najafi, H., Baghestani,M. A. and Zand, E. Weeds of Iran Biology and Management.2006. Research Institute of Plant Pests and Diseases (volume 1). Page 559.
Radosevich, S. R. and Holt, J. S. 1984.Weed ecology: Implications for vegetation management. John Wiley and Sons. New York. Page 47- 53.
Swanton, C. J. and Murphy. S. D 1996. Weed science beyond the weeds: the role of integrated weed management (IWM) in agroecosystem health. Weed Sci. 44:437–44.
Teasdale, J. R.  1998. Cover crops, smother plants, and weed management. Pages 247–270 In:Hatfield, J. L. Buhler, D. D. and Stewart, B. A. eds. Integrated Weed and Soil Management. Chelsea, MI: Ann Arbor Press.
Teasdale, J. R. and Mohler, C. L. 1993. Light transmittance, soil temperature, and soil moisture under residue of hairy vetch and rye. Agron. J. 85:673–680.
Teasdale, J. R. and Mohler, C. L. 2000. The quantitative relationship between weed emergence and the physical properties of mulches. Weed Sci. 48: 385-392.
Vidal, R. A. and Bauman, T. T. 1996. Surface wheat residues, giant foxtail and soybean yield. Weed Sci. 44:939–943.
Vleeshouwers, L. M. 1997. Modelling weed emergence patterns. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wageningen, Netherlands, 165.
Williams II, M. M., Mortensen, D. A. and Doran, J. W. 1998. Assessment of weed and crop fitness in cover crop residues for integrated weed management. Weed Sci. 46:595–603. Calib uage:FA'>Tal, A. and Rubin, B. 2004. Molecular characterization and inheritance of resistance to ACCase herbicides in Lolium rigidum. Pest Manag. Sci. 60:1013-1018.
 
Uludag, A., Park, K.W., Cannon, J. and Mallory-Smith, A. 2008. Cross resistance of Acetyle-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitor-resistant wild oat (Aven fatua) biotypes in the Pacific Northwest. Weed Technol. 22:142-145.
Vila-Aiub, M.M., Neve, P. and Powles, S. B.2009. Fitness costs associated with evolved herbicide resistance alleles in plants. New Phytol. 184:751–767.
White, G.M., Moss, S.R., Karp, A. 2005. Differences in the molecular basis of resistance to the cyclohexanedione herbicide sethoxydim in Lolium multiflorum. Weed Res. 45:440-448.
Yu, Q., Collavo, A., Zheng, M.Q., Owen, M., Sattin, M. and Powles, S B. 2007. Diversity of Acetyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase Mutation in Resistant Lolium Populations: Evaluation Using Clethodim. Plant Physiol. 145:547-558.
Zagnitko, O., Jelenska, J., Tevzadze, G., Haselkorn, R. and Gornicki, P. 2001. An isoleucine/leucine residue in the carboxyltransferase domain of acetyl- CoA carboxylase is critical for interaction with aryloxyphenoxypropionate and cyclohexanedione inhibitors. Proc National Academy Science, USA 98:6617-6622.
Zand, E., Razmi, A., Benakashani, F., Nezamabadi, N., Gharkhloo, J. and Sasanfar, H.M. 2013. Using CAPS and dCAPS methods to detect some mutations that cause resistance to acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase inhibiting herbicides in wild oat (Avena ludoviciana). Iran. J. of Weed Sci. 9:79-91.
Zhang, X.Q. and Powles, S.B. 2006a. Six amino acid substitutions in the carboxyltransferase domain of the plastidic acetyl-CoA carboxylase gene are linked with resistance to herbicides in a Lolium rigidum population. New Phytol. 172:636-645.
Zhang, X.Q. and Powles, S.B. 2006b. The molecular bases for resistance to acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) inhibiting herbicides in two target based resistant biotypes of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum). Planta. 223:550-557.

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار